第7课 阅读理解

孙老师及全体工作人员祝学员春节快乐！

第7课阅读理解

2004年职称英语等级考试试题(综合A)

第4部分：阅读理解: 第1篇： p60

Technology Transfer in Germany

德国技术转让

When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Germany. Since the 1940s, the nation’s vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas思想, 观念 and expertise from science. And though German prosperity(繁荣) has faltered (衰退) over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline, it still has an enviable (令人羡慕的) record for turning ideas into profit.

Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network ok research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies. But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition. Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing up all over. These efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies.

Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success, but it is not without its critics. These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science, eventually starving industry of fresh ideas. If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur (企业家), the argument goes, then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity-drive, free and widely available will suffer. Others claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years.

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While this debate continues, new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany’s research networks, which bear famous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is the fourth network, the Fraunhofer Society, that plays the greatest role in technology transfer.

Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe’s largest organisation for appled technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12,000 people. It continues to grow. Last year, it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia.

31. What factor can be attributed to German prosperity? A. Technology transfer. B. Good management. C. Hard work.

D. Fierce competition.

32. Which of the following is NOT true of traditional university research? A. It is free.

B. It is profit-driven. C. It is widely available. D. It is curiosity-driven.

33. The Fraunhofer Society is the largest organisation for applied technology in A. Asia. B. USA. C. Europe. D. Africa.

34. When was the Fraunhofer Society founded? A. In 1940. B. Last year.

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C. After the unification. D. In 1949.

35. The word “expertise” in line 3 could be best replaced by A. “experts”. B. “scientists”. C. “scholars”.

D. “special knowledge”.

第1篇：

Technology Transfer in Germany

注：该文中心即文章题目---德国技术转让。

When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Germany. Since the 1940s, the nation’s vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas思想, 观念 and expertise from science. And though German prosperity(繁荣) has faltered (衰退) over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline, it still has an enviable (令人羡慕的) record for turning ideas into profit.

Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network ok research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies. But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition. Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing up all over. These efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies.

Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success, but it is not without its critics. These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science, eventually starving industry of fresh ideas. If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur (企业家), the argument goes, then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity-drive, free and widely available will suffer. Others claim

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that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years.

While this debate continues, new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany’s research networks, which bear famous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is the fourth network, the Fraunhofer Society, that plays the greatest role in technology transfer.

Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe’s largest organisation for appled technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12,000 people. It continues to grow. Last year, it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia.

31. What factor can be attributed 归结于to German prosperity? A. Technology transfer. B. Good management. C. Hard work.

D. Fierce competition.

注解：在中心句中出现过 Technology transfer.因此在A B C D出现中心词的选项，一般都是中心词。牢牢抓住中心——围着中心转 。

32. Which of the following is NOT true of traditional university

research? A. It is free.

B. It is profit-driven. C. It is widely available. D. It is curiosity-driven.

注解：题干中有true为对错选择，可用0f后单词为关键词定位，如课文中提到并一致为true,反之为NOT true。

33. The Fraunhofer Society is the largest organisation for applied

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technology in A. Asia. B. USA. C. Europe. D. Africa.

注解：该题为细节题，选择关键词非常重要，我们在讲基础课时讲到is的重要性.正确选择关键词，答案迎刃而解。

34. When was the Fraunhofer Society founded?

A. In 1940. B. Last year. C. After the unification. D. In 1949.

注解：解题方式同上。 初步学会细节题关键词的选择

35. The word “expertise” in line 3 could be best replaced by

A. “experts”. 专家 B. “scientists”. 科学家 C. “scholars”. 学者

D. “special knowledge”. 知识, 学问, 认识

注解：题干有“…”为解译词意，查词典解决。

第3篇： p61

Eat More, Weigh Less, Live Longer

Clever genetic detective work may have found out the reason why a near-starvation diet prolongs the life of many animals.

Ronald Kahn at Harvard Medical School in Boston, US, and his colleagues have been able to extend the lifespan(寿命) of mice by 18 per cent by blocking the rodent’s (啮齿动物) increase of fat in specific cells. This suggests that thinness—and not necessarily diet—promotes long life in “calorie(热量卡) restricted” animals.

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“It’s very cool work,” says aging researcher Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California, San Francisco. “These mice eat all they want, lose weight and live longer. It’s like heaven.”

Calorie restriction dramatically extends the lifespan of organisms as different as worms and rodents. Whether this works in humans is still unknown, partly because few people are willing to submit (使)服从 to such a strict diet.

But many researchers hope they will be able to trigger the same effect with a drug once they understand how less food leads to a longer life. One theory is that eating less reduces the increase of harmful things that can damage cells. But Kahn’s team wondered whether the animals simply benefit by becoming thin.

To find out, they used biology tricks to disrupt the insulin (胰岛素) receptor (受体) gene in lab mice—but only in their fat cells. “Since insulin is needed to help fat cells store fat, these animals were protected against becoming fat,” explains Kahn.

This slight genetic change in a single tissue had dramatic effects. By three months of age, Kahn’s modified mice had up to 70 per cent less body fat than normal control mice, despite the fact that they ate 55 per cent more food per gram of body weight.

In addition, their lifespan increased. The average control mouse lived 753 days, while the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of 887 days. After three years, all the control mice had died, but one-quarter of the modified rodents were still alive.

“That they get these effects by just manipulating the fat cells is controversial,” 争论的, 争议的says Leonard Guarente of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who studies calorie restriction and aging.

But Guarente says Kahn has yet to prove that the same effect is responsible for increased lifespan in calorie-restricted animals. “It might be the same effect or there might be two routes to long life,” he points out, “and that would be very interesting.”

41 Ronald Kahn and his colleagues can make mice live longer by

A. offering them less food. B. Giving them a balanced diet. C. Disrupting the specific genes in their fat cells. D. Preventing them growing larger.

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42. According to the passage, we do not know whether humans will benefit from taking in fewer calories partly because

A. humans, worms and rodents are different. B. Most people are not willing to be put on a strict diet. C. The effect is not known.

D. Genetic changes in tissues can not be performed on humans.

43. What does the last sentence in the third paragraph imply?

A. People like to lose weight, but they do not like to eat less. B. People want to go to heaven, but they do not want to die. C. Mice will go to heaven if they lose weight. D. Mice enjoy losing weight.

44. The average modified改良的, 改进的, 修正的 mouse lived

A. 3 years. B. 753 days. C. More than 3 years. D. 887 days.

45. What can be inferred推断 from the passage about the route 路线to long

life?

A. It remains继续存在to be studied. B. It has already been discovered. C. Eating more leads to long life. D. Eating less leads to long life.

第3篇： p61

Eat More, Weigh Less, Live Longer

注：该文中心即文章题目---多吃点，增体重，寿命长。

Clever genetic detective work may have found out the reason why a near-starvation diet prolongs the life of many animals.

Ronald Kahn at Harvard Medical School in Boston, US, and his colleagues have been able to extend the lifespan(寿命) of mice by 18 per

7

cent by blocking the rodent’s (啮齿动物) increase of fat in specific cells. This suggests that thinness—and not necessarily diet—promotes long life in “calorie(热量卡) restricted” animals.

“It’s very cool work,” says aging researcher Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California, San Francisco. “These mice eat all they want, lose weight and live longer. It’s like heaven.”

Calorie restriction dramatically extends the lifespan of organisms as different as worms and rodents. Whether this works in humans is still unknown, partly because few people are willing to submit (使)服从 to such a strict diet. But many researchers hope they will be able to trigger the same effect with a drug once they understand how less food leads to a longer life. One theory is that eating less reduces the increase of harmful things that can damage cells. But Kahn’s team wondered whether the animals simply benefit by becoming thin.

To find out, they used biology tricks to disrupt the insulin (胰岛素) receptor (受体) gene in lab mice—but only in their fat cells. “Since insulin is needed to help fat cells store fat, these animals were protected against becoming fat,” explains Kahn.

This slight genetic change in a single tissue had dramatic effects. By three months of age, Kahn’s modified mice had up to 70 per cent less body fat than normal control mice, despite the fact that they ate 55 per cent more food per gram of body weight.

In addition, their lifespan increased. The average control mouse lived 753 days, while the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of 887 days. After three years, all the control mice had died, but one-quarter of the modified rodents were still alive.

“That they get these effects by just manipulating the fat cells is controversial,” 争论的, 争议的says Leonard Guarente of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who studies calorie restriction and aging. But Guarente says Kahn has yet to prove that the same effect is responsible for increased lifespan in calorie-restricted animals. “It might be the same effect or there might be two routes to long life,” he points out, “and that would be very interesting.”

41 Ronald Kahn and his colleagues can make mice live longer by

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A. offering them less food. B. Giving them a balanced diet. C. Disrupting the specific genes in their fat cells. D. Preventing them growing larger.

注解：该题为细节题，选择关键词非常重要，题干中如有人名地名，由于人

名地名大写易于查找，应用人名地名作为关键词。

(3) 关键词附近有中文注解特别注意

初步学会细节题关键词的选择

42. According to the passage, we do not know whether humans will

benefit from taking in fewer calories partly because A. humans, worms and rodents are different. B. Most people are not willing to be put on a strict diet. C. The effect is not known.

D. Genetic changes in tissues can not be performed on humans. 注解：whether也是宾语从句中重要标志之一，因此其后humans will benefit from便是关键词，用该词定位之后很容易找到正确答案。

▲ 宾语从句连词that if、whether who、whom、what、which、whose、how much、how many where, when, why, how引导的名词性从句

初步学会细节题关键词的选择

Few为否定词

Few students study English.

= Most students do not study English. A few students study English.

43. What does the last sentence in the third paragraph imply? A. People like to lose weight, but they do not like to eat less. B. People want to go to heaven, but they do not want to die. C. Mice will go to heaven if they lose weight. D. Mice enjoy losing weight.

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注解：在中心句中出现过Eat More, Weigh Less, Live Longer,因此在A B C D出现中心词的选项，一般都是正确答案。

44. The average modified改良的, 改进的, 修正的 mouse lived

A. 3 years. B. 753 days.

C. More than 3 years. D. 887 days.

注解：

四. 阅读题型四大原则： 此项特别重要

1.围着中心转——（先读有中心词的选项. 一般就是答案） 2. 先读容易的选项（读的懂的）先读短的选项 从D向A读 3. 出现多个数字，特别是阿拉伯数字时，须特别小心！ 4. 注意：(1) 绝对原则。即有all, every，only等绝对的词一般不是正确答案(除

非文中也重复同样的词)！All of the above除外 A and b

相对原则，即有may, might,can could, likely some usually…… (2) 选项排除原则。即留取相同项，排除不同项。 (3) 关键词附近有中文注解特别注意

45. What can be from the passage about the route 路线to long life?

A. It remains继续存在to be studied. B. It has already been discovered. C. Eating more leads to long life. D. Eating less leads to long life.

注解：about与of一样，其后的单词通常可作为关键词。 inferred推断imply暗示 inferred推断imply暗示有时课文中没有直接答案，需查字典或灵活处理。 1、 相对原则，即有may, might,can could, likely some usually…… 2、 围着中心转。

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3、 用关键词定位（一般文章或断落的最后一句），查字典读意思。

总结

1、 了解如何抓住文章中心。

31. What factor can be attributed 归结于to German prosperity? A. Technology transfer. B. Good management. C. Hard work.

D. Fierce competition.

注解：在中心句中出现过 Technology transfer.因此在A B C D出现中心词的选项，一般都是中心词。牢牢抓住中心——围着中心转 。

2、 初步学会对提问分类。 （1）NOT true true

32. Which of the following is NOT true of traditional university research?

A. It is free.

B. It is profit-driven. C. It is widely available. D. It is curiosity-driven.

注解：题干中有true为对错选择，可用0f后单词为关键词定位，如课文中提到并一致为true,反之为NOT true。

（2）解释词意

（2）43. The word “quit” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A “speed up”. B “give up”. C “slow down”. D “build up”.

35. The word “expertise” in line 3 could be best replaced by

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A. “experts”. 专家 B. “scientists”. 科学家 C. “scholars”. 学者

D. “special knowledge”. 知识, 学问, 认识

注解：题干有“…”为解译词意，查词典解决。

3、初步学会细节题关键词的选择 4、四. 阅读题型四大原则： 此项特别重要

1.围着中心转——（先读有中心词的选项. 一般就是答案） 2. 先读容易的选项（读的懂的）先读短的选项

3. 出现多个数字，特别是阿拉伯数字时，须特别小心！

4. 注意：(1) 绝对原则。即有all, every，only等绝对的词一般不是

正确答案(除非文中也重复同样的词)！All of the above除外 A and b

相对原则，即有

(2) 选项排除原则。即留取相同项，排除不同项。

may, might,can could, likely some usually……

(3) 关键词附近有中文注解特别注意

44. The average modified改良的, 改进的, 修正的 mouse lived

A. 3 years. B. 753 days.

C. More than 3 years. D. 887 days.

35. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a step to control smoking? A) Collecting a special tax on cigarettes.

B) Forbidding 禁止smoking in all public places. C) Banning cigarette advertising from radio and TV. D) Requiring a warning on each cigarette package.

inferred推断imply暗示 inferred推断imply暗示有时课文中没有直接答案，需查字典或灵活处理。

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3、 相对原则，即有may, might,can could, likely some usually…… 4、 围着中心转。

5、 用关键词定位（一般文章或断落的最后一句），查字典读意思。

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