DeterminingtheAgesofthePlanetsandtheUniverse
Paragraph1
TheplanetsofoursolarsystemallrevolvearoundtheSuninthesamedirectionandinorbitsthatlieinnearlythesameplane.Thisisstrongevidencethattheplanetsformedsimultaneouslyfromasinglediskofmaterialthatrotatedinthesamedirectionasthemodernplanets.
Paragraph2
Preciselywhentheplanetscameintobeinghasbeenadifficultissuetoresolve.WhileEarth’swaterisnecessaryforlife,itsabundanceneartheplanet’ssurfacemakesrapiderosioninevitable.Continuousalterationofthecrustbyerosionandalsobyigneous(volcanic)andmetamorphic(pressureandheatwithinEarth)processesmakesunlikelyanydiscoveryofrocksnearlyasoldasEarth.ThusgeologistshavehadtolookbeyondthisplanetintheireffortstodateEarth’sorigin.Fortunately,wedohavesamplesofrockthatappeartorepresenttheprimitivematerialofthesolarsystem.Thesesamplesaremeteorites,whichoriginateasextraterrestrialobjects,calledmeteors,thathavebeencapturedinEarth’sgravitationalfieldandhavethencrashedintoourplanet.
1.Accordingtoparagraphs1and2,whatevidenceleadsastronomerstobelievethatalltheplanetsformedatapproximatelythesametime?Samplesofrocksfromalltheplanetsarethesameage.
AlltheplanetsorbittheSuninthesamedirectionandinaboutthesameplane.Allplanetshavethesameigneousandmetamorphicprocesses.Thegravitationalfieldofeachplanetisaboutthesamestrength.Paragraphs1and2aremarkedwitharrows[→]2.
Theword”inevitable”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningtocontinuousobviouscertaineasy
3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph2asacauseofconstantchangetoEarth’scrust?Water
Igneousprocesses
MetamorphicprocessesMeteorites
Paragraph2ismarkedwithanarrow[→]
223Paragraph3
Somemeteoritesconsistofrockymaterialand,accordingly,arecalledstonymeteorites.Othersaremetallicandhavebeendesignatedironmeteoriteseventhoughtheycontainlesseramountsofelementsotherthaniron.Stillothersconsistofmixturesofrockyandmetallicmaterialandthusarecalledstony-ironmeteorites.Meteorscomeinallsizes,fromsmallparticlestothesmallplanetsknownasasteroids;noasteroid,however,hasstruckEarthduringrecordedhumanhistory.Manymeteoritesappeartobefragmentsoflargerbodiesthathaveundergonecollisionsandbrokenintopieces.Ironmeteoritesarefragmentsoftheinteriorsofthesebodies,comparabletoEarth’score,andstonymeteoritesarefromouterportionsofthesebodies,comparabletoEarth’smantle(thelayerbetweenthecoreandoutercrust).4.
Theword”accordingly”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningtocorrespondinglyfrequentlyinterestinglyinformally
5.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutmeteorites?
Theircompositioncanhelpdeterminethepartofthelargerbodyfromwhichtheybrokeoff.
TheyaredifficulttodistinguishfromrocksinEarth’smantle.
TheircollisionswithEarthhavebecomemorefrequentthaninthepast.Theyareolderthantherestofthesolarsystem.Paragraph3ismarkedwithanarrow[→]
6.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofasteroids?Theyarethelargestmeteors.
Theyaremademostlyofironandothermetals.TheyoftencollidewithEarth.Theyaretheoldestmeteors.
Paragraph3ismarkedwithanarrow[→]
Paragraph4
Meteoriteshavebeenradiometricallydatedbymeansofseveraldecaysystems,includingrubidium-strontium,potassium-argon,anduranium-thorium.Thedatesthusderivedtendtoclusteraround4.6billionyears,whichsuggeststhatthisistheapproximateageofthesolarsystem.Aftermanymeteoriteshadbeendated,itwasgratifyingtofindthattheoldestagesobtainedforrocksgatheredonthesurfaceoftheMoonalsowereapproximately4.6billionyears.Thismust,indeed,betheageofthesolarsystem.AncientrockscanbefoundontheMoonbecausethelunarsurface,unlikethatofEarth,hasnowatertoweatheranderoderocksandischaracterizedbyonlyweakmovementsofitscrust.
2247.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph4abouttheradiometricdatingofmeteorites?
Scientiststriedseveraldifferentradiometricsystemsbeforefindingonethatworked.
Theradiometricdatingofdifferentmeteoritesproducedsimilarresults.Manymeteoritesweredamagedbytheradiometricdating.Radiometricdatingwasnotasaccurateasscientistsexpected.Paragraph4ismarkedwithanarrow[→]8.
Theword”cluster”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoapproachspreadgroupvary
9.Accordingtoparagraph4,whyarescientistsconfidentthattheageoftheoldestmeteoritestheystudiedisalsotheageofthesolarsystem?Radiometricdatinghasbeenproventobereliable.
TheoldestrocksfoundonthesurfaceoftheMoonarethesameageasthemeteorites.
Nometeoriteshavebeenfoundthatareyoungerthan4.6billionyearsold.MeteoritesontheMoonarethesameageasthoseonotherplanets.Paragraph4ismarkedwithanarrow[→]
Paragraph5
Determiningtheageoftheuniversehasbeenmorecomplicated.Moststarsintheuniverseareclusteredintoenormousdisk-likegalaxies.Thedistancebetweenourgalaxy,knownastheMilkyWay,andallothersisincreasing.Infact,allgalaxiesaremovingawayfromoneanother,evidencethattheuniverseisexpanding.Itisnotthegalaxiesthemselvesthatareexpandingbutthespacebetweenthem.Whatishappeningisanalogoustoinflatingaballoonwithsmallcoinsattachedtoitssurface.Thecoinsbehavelikegalaxies:althoughtheydonotexpand,thespacebetweenthemdoes.Beforethegalaxiesformed,matterthattheycontainwasconcentratedwithinfinitedensityatasinglepointfromwhichitexplodedinaneventcalledthebigbang.Evenafteritassembledintogalaxies,mattercontinuedtospreadinalldirectionsfromthesiteofthebigbang.
10.Theword”enormous”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoexpandingverybrightdistanthuge
11.Whydoestheauthorreferto“inflatingaballoonwithsmallcoinsattachedtoits
225
surface”?
Tohelpexplainhowtheuniversecanexpandwhilethegalaxiesremainthesamesize
Toimplythattheuniversemusteventuallystopexpanding
Tosupportthestatementthatmoststarsarefoundindisk-shapedgalaxiesTohelpexplainhowtheuniversebeganasasinglepointofdensematter
Paragraph6
Theevidencethattheuniverseisexpandingmakesitpossibletoestimateitsage.Thisevidence,calledtheredshift,isanincreaseinthewavelengthsoflightwavestravelingthroughspace—ashifttowardtheredendofthevisiblespectrumofwavelengths.Expansionofthespacebetweengalaxiescausesthisshiftbystretchinglightwavesastheypassthroughit.Thefarthertheselightwaveshavetraveledthroughspace,thegreatertheredshifttheyhaveundergone.Forthisreason,lightwavesthatreachEarthfromdistantgalaxieshavelargerredshiftsthanthosefromnearbygalaxies.Calculationsbasedontheseredshiftsindicatethatabout13.7billionyearsagoallofthegalaxieswouldhavebeenatonespot,thesiteofthebigbang.This,then,istheapproximatedateofthebigbangandtheageoftheuniverse.
12.Accordingtoparagraph6,howdidastronomerslearnthattheuniverseisexpanding?
Bymeasuringthedistancebetweengalaxies
Byobservingthemovementofstarswithingalaxies
BystudyingthewavelengthsoflightfromdistantgalaxiesBycomparingthesizesofdifferentgalaxiesParagraph6ismarkedwithanarrow[→]
Paragraph3
■Somemeteoritesconsistofrockymaterialand,accordingly,arecalledstonymeteorites.■Othersaremetallicandhavebeendesignatedironmeteoriteseventhoughtheycontainlesseramountsofelementsotherthaniron.■Stillothersconsistofmixturesofrockyandmetallicmaterialandthusarecalledstony-ironmeteorites.■Meteorscomeinallsizes,fromsmallparticlestothesmallplanetsknownasasteroids;noasteroid,however,hasstruckEarthduringrecordedhumanhistory.Manymeteoritesappeartobefragmentsoflargerbodiesthathaveundergonecollisionsandbrokenintopieces.Ironmeteoritesarefragmentsoftheinteriorsofthesebodies,comparabletoEarth’score,andstonymeteoritesarefromouterportionsofthesebodies,comparabletoEarth’smantle(thelayerbetweenthecoreandoutercrust).
13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Severalvarietiesofmeteoriteshavebeenobserved.
226Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.
14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
Dragyourchoicestothespaceswheretheybelong.Toreviewthepassage,clickon
ViewText.Thereisstrongevidencethatalltheplanetsofoursolarsystemwereformedfromthesamediskofmatteratthesametime.●●●AnswerChoices
A.DeterminingtheageoftheplanetsbyexaminingrocksonEarthisdifficultbecauseEarth’scrustisconstantlychanging.
B.MeteoritesfoundonEarthandrocksfromtheMoon’ssurfacearethebestevidenceforestimatingtheageoftheplanets.
C.Theexpansionoftheuniversemakesitpossibletoestimateitsagebymeasuringtheamountoftheredshiftoflightcomingfromdistantgalaxies.
D.AllthreekindsofmeteoritesaresimilarincompositiontoEarthinthattheyhaveaninnercore,arockymantle,andanoutercrust.
E.RadiometricdatingofmeteoritesrecoveredfromtheMoonshowsthattheyareolderthanthosethatarefoundonEarth.
F.Theredshiftphenomenonmeasurestherateatwhichthestarsinagalaxyaremovingawayfromeachother.
CostsandBenefitsofDispersal(17年上半年再次考过)
Paragraph1
Inordertomovefromonehomebasetoanother,animalsmustexpendcaloriesnotonlywhilemovingbutevenbeforethedispersalwhentheyinvestinthedevelopmentofthemusclesneededtomove.Forexample,ifacricketistoleaveadeterioratingenvironmentandmovetoanewandbetterplace,itwillneedlargeflightmusclestoflyaway.Presumably,thecaloriesandmaterialsthatgointoflightmuscledevelopmentandmaintenancehavetocomeoutofthegeneralenergybudgetoftheanimal.Thismeansthatotherorgansystemscannotdevelopasrapidlyastheycouldotherwise,whichmaymeanthattheflight-capableindividualis,insomeotherrespects,lessfittosurvive.
2271.Theword”Presumably”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoItisreasonabletoassumeItispossibleItcanbearguedItiscertainlytrue
2.Inparagraph1,thediscussionofcricketdispersalisusedtoillustratewhichofthefollowingprinciples?
Fordispersinganimals,thebenefitsofdispersalexceedthecosts.Dispersalalwaysinvolvescostsforthedispersinganimal.
Onlyanimalswiththegreatestfitnessforsurvivalareabletodisperse.Dispersal,asmuchasorgandevelopment,requiresenergy.Paragraph1ismarkedwithanarrow[→]
Paragraph 2
Dispersing individuals not only have to pay energetic, developmental, and travel costs but are also more often exposed to predators—all of which raises the question, why are animals so often willing to leave home even when this means leaving a familiar, resource-rich location? This question is particularly pertinent for species in which some individuals disperse while others do not or do not disperse as far. One species in which some individuals travel farther than others is Belding’s ground squirrel. Young male squirrels travel about 150 meters from the burrow in which they were born, whereas young females usually settle down only 50 meters or so from where they were born. Why should young Belding’s ground squirrels disperse at all, and why should the males disperse farther than their sisters?3.
The word ” pertinent” in the passage is closet in meaning topuzzlingimportantcomplexrelevant
4.Accordingtoparagraph2,whatisofparticularinterestaboutthedispersalofBelding’sgroundsquirrels?
Youngsquirrelsdispersefartherthanadults.
Youngsquirrelsdisperseevenfromresource-richareas.Themalesandfemaleshavedifferentpatternsofdispersal.
Theyleavethemother’sburrowatanearlieragethanothersquirrels.Paragraph2ismarkedwithanarrow[→]
5.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thatthephenomenonofdispersalisdifficulttoobserveinthewild
occursforreasonsthatarenotalwaysimmediatelyapparent
228ismotivatedbythedesiretoobtainmoreorbetterresourceshasfewbenefitsformostspeciesParagraph2ismarkedwithanarrow[→]
Paragraph3
Accordingtooneargument,dispersalbyjuvenileanimalsofmanyspeciesmaybeanadaptationagainstproblemsassociatedwithinbreeding.Whentwocloselyrelatedindividualsmate,theiroffspringaremorelikelytomanifestgeneticdiseasesthanaretheoffspringofgeneticallyunrelatedindividuals,andasaresult,inbreedingtendstoproduceanimalsthatarelesslikelytosurvivetoadulthoodandreproduce.Dispersalofjuvenilesmakesinbreedinglesslikely.
6.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
Whencloselyrelatedindividualsmate,theiroffspringarelikelytomanifestgeneticdiseasesthatwillprobablybepassedontothenextgeneration.
Geneticdiseasesinheritedfromparentsthatarenotrelatedmakeitlesslikelythattheaffectedoffspringwillsurvivetoadulthoodandreproduce.
Whentworelatedindividualsmate,theiroffspringmaysurvivetoadulthood,buttheyareunlikelytoreproduce.
Thereisatendencyfortheoffspringofcloselyrelatedparentstohavegeneticdiseasesthatmakeitlesslikelytheywillsurviveandreproduce.Paragraph4
Ifavoidanceofinbreedingisthepointofdispersing,thenonemightexpectasmanyfemalegroundsquirrelsasmalestotravel150metersfromtheirnatalburrow.Infactfemalesdonotdisperseasfarasmales,perhapsbecausethecostsandbenefitsofdispersaldifferforthetwosexes.IthasbeensuggestedthatthereproductivesuccessoffemaleBelding’sgroundsquirrelsdependsontheirpossessionofaterritoryinwhichtoreartheiryoung.Femalegroundsquirrelsthatremainneartheirbirthplaceenjoyassistancefromtheirmothersinthedefenseoftheirburrowsagainstrivalfemales.Thus,thebenefitsofremainingonfamiliargroundaregreaterforfemalesthanformales.
7.Accordingtoparagraph4,youngfemaleBelding’sgroundsquirrelsmayremainclosertowheretheywerebornthandomalesinordertoavoidinbreedingwiththeirmalesiblings
avoidcompetitionwithotherfemalesforterritorysaveenergytheyneedtodefendtheirburrowsbenefitfromtheirmothers’help
Paragraph4ismarkedwithanarrow[→]Paragraph5
229Theremay,however,beanotherreasonwhymalemammalsdispersegreaterdistancesthanfemales.Theusualruleisthatmales,notfemales,fightwithoneanotherforaccesstomates,and,therefore,malesthatlosesuchconflictsmayfinditadvantageoustomoveawayfromsame-sexrivalsthattheycannotsubdue.AlthoughthishypothesisprobablydoesnotapplytoBelding’sgroundsquirrels,sinceyoungmaleshavenotbeenseenfightingwitholderonesaroundthetimeofdispersal,theideaismoreplausiblewithrespecttosomeotherspecies,suchaslions.
8.Accordingtoparagraph5,thehypothesisthatmalesdisperseasaresultofconflictswithothermalesisnotsupportedinthecaseofBelding’sgroundsquirrelsbecause
youngmalesquirrelsthatlosefightstoothermalesdonotdisperse
unlikemostspecies,itisthefemales,notthemales,thatfightwitheachother
thereisnoevidencethatyoungmalesquirrelsfightwithothermalesbeforedispersing
fightsbetweenmalesgenerallytakeplaceafterthemaleshavedispersedParagraph5ismarkedwithanarrow[→]9.
Theword”subdue”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoremovefightdefeataccept
Paragraph5
Theremay,however,beanotherreasonwhymalemammalsdispersegreaterdistancesthanfemales.Theusualruleisthatmales,notfemales,fightwithoneanotherforaccesstomates,and,therefore,malesthatlosesuchconflictsmayfinditadvantageoustomoveawayfromsame-sexrivalsthattheycannotsubdue.AlthoughthishypothesisprobablydoesnotapplytoBelding’sgroundsquirrels,sinceyoungmaleshavenotbeenseenfightingwitholderonesaroundthetimeofdispersal,theideaismoreplausiblewithrespecttosomeotherspecies,suchaslions.
Paragraph6
Lionsliveinlargegroups,orprides,fromwhichyoungmalesdisperse.Incontrast,thedaughtersoftheresidentlionessesusuallyspendtheirentirelivesclosetowheretheywereborn.Thesedentaryfemalesbenefitfromtheirfamiliaritywithgoodhuntinggroundsandsafebreedingdensintheirnatalterritory,amongotherthings.Thedepartureofmanyyoungmalelionscoincideswiththearrivalofnewmaturemalesthatviolentlydisplacethepreviousmastersoftheprideandchaseoffthemalesthatarenotyetadultsintheprideaswell.Theseobservationssupportthemate-competitionhypothesisformaledispersal.However,ifyoungmalesarenotevictedafterapridetakeover,theyoftenleaveanywaywithoutanycoercionfromadultmalesandwithouteverhavingattemptedtomatewiththeirfemalerelatives.
230Moreover,maturemalesthathaveclaimedapridesometimesdisperseagain,expandingtheirrangetoaddasecondprideoffemales,atatimewhentheirdaughtersinthefirstpridearebecomingsexuallymature.Inhibitionsagainstinbreedingapparentlyexistinlionsandcausemalestoleavehome.
10.Accordingtoparagraphs5and6,thepatternsofdispersalinBelding’sgroundsquirrelsandlionsaresimilarinwhichofthefollowingways?Youngmalesareforcedtodispersebyoldermales.
Avoidinginbreedingisprobablynotafactorintheexplanationofthepatternofdispersal.
Malesdispersewhennewsiblingsareborn.Themalesdispersefartherthanthefemales.Paragraphs5and6aremarkedwitharrows[→]
11.Thephrase”coincideswith”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoisdrivenby
occursatthesametimeasmakespossibleisasignof
12.Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthat“ifyoungmalesarenotevictedafterapridetakeover,theyoftenleaveanywaywithoutanycoercionfromadultmalesandwithouteverhavingattemptedtomatewiththeirfemalerelatives”?Tosupporttheconclusionthatmadelionsdispersetofindmatestowhichtheyarenotcloselyrelated
Toindicatethatthemate-competitionhypothesisdoesnotfullyaccountforthedispersalofyoungmalelions
Toimplythatyoungmalelionsvoluntarilyleaveapridethathasbeentakenoverbecausetheadultmalespreventthemfrommatingwithinthepride
Toindicatethatmales,notfemales,leaveaprideafterithasbeentakenoverbyadultmalesParagraph4
■Ifavoidanceofinbreedingisthepointofdispersing,thenonemightexpectasmanyfemalegroundsquirrelsasmalestotravel150metersfromtheirnatalburrow.■Infactfemalesdonotdisperseasfarasmales,perhapsbecausethecostsandbenefitsofdispersaldifferforthetwosexes.■IthasbeensuggestedthatthereproductivesuccessoffemaleBelding’sgroundsquirrelsdependsontheirpossessionofaterritoryinwhichtoreartheiryoung.■Femalegroundsquirrelsthatremainneartheirbirthplaceenjoyassistancefromtheirmothersinthedefenseoftheirburrowsagainstrivalfemales.Thus,thebenefitsofremainingonfamiliargroundaregreaterforfemalesthanformales.
13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbe
231addedtothepassage.
However,inbreedingcanbeavoidedwithoutbothmalesandtheirfemalerelativesdispersingthesamedistance.
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.
14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
Dragyourchoicestothespaceswheretheybelong.Toreviewthepassage,clickon
ViewText.Manyyounganimalsdispersefromwheretheyareborn.●●●AnswerChoices
A.Thereareanumberofcompetingexplanationsofwhyanimalsdisperse,butnoneofthemisconsistentwithalltheobservedpatternsofdispersal.
B.Thereasonthereislittleinbreedingamonglionsisthatyoungmalesaredrivenawayfromtheirfemalerelativesbytheadultmaleswhoforciblytakeoveralionpride.
C.Inbreedingsignificantlylowersthelikelihoodthatoffspringwillsurvive,andsoavoidinginbreedingisasignificantbenefitofdispersal.
D.Sincemalesofmostspeciesmustestablishaterritoryformating,dispersingofthemalesmakesitmorelikelythatmostmaleswillbeabletoreproduce.
E.Thereneedtobesignificantbenefitsforaspeciestodispersebecausetherequirementsofdispersalinvolveenergycostsanddangersforthedispersingindividuals.
F.Inmammalspecies,youngmalesoftenleavetheirfamilygroupwhilerelatedfemalesbenefitfromremainingincloseassociationwitheachotherandtheirbirthplace.
TheMultiplierEffect
Paragraph1
ThecausesbehindtherapiddevelopmentoftheMinoanandMycenaeancivilizationsintheAegeanduringthelatethirdandsecondmillenniaB.C.E.haveintriguedscholarsforyears.Untilrecently,mostexplanationsattributedAegeandevelopmentto
232outsideinfluence.CivilizationhademergedinMesopotamiaby3000B.C.E,and,somearcheologistsargued,Mesopotamiantradeintroducedcivilizedideasandtechnologicalinnovationsintonearby,lessadvancedareas.OthershypothesizedthatcivilizationwasbroughttotheAegeanbyinvasionfromsomeadjacentregion,ofwhichAnatoliainmodernTurkeyseemedthemostplausible.
1.Paragraph1implieswhichofthefollowingabouttraditionalscholarshipconcerningthedevelopmentofAegeancivilizations?
ItfocusedontheinfluenceofAegeantradeonmoreadvancedcivilizationratherthantheinvasionoftheAegeanbyatechnologicallyadvancedculture.
ThedevelopmentofMinoancivilizationwasthoughttorequireadifferentexplanationfromthatforthedevelopmentofMycenaeancivilization.
ItmaintainedthattherapiddevelopmentofAegeancivilizationcouldbeexplainedonlythroughexternalinfluence.
TherewasgeneralagreementthatAnatoliaandMesopotamiawerebothresponsibleforthedevelopmentofcivilizationintheAegean.Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [→]
Paragraph 2
In a work published in 1972, Professor Colin Renfrew approached the problem from a different viewpoint. He argued that the scanty available evidence for invasion or immigration from Anatolia into Greece in the early Bronze Age (about 3300-2200 B.C.E.) showed that, at most, such incursion was limited, and that it could not be regarded as responsible for the transformation of society there. Trade, though clearly documented, was also an inadequate explanation in itself. To understand the major changes in social organization and complexity that took place, it was necessary, said Renfrew, to determine the impact that new variables emerging in the early Bronze Age may have had on every interrelated aspect of the local social system. The two new major developments he considered were changes in the subsistence economy and the introduction of bronze metallurgy.
2.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
RenfrewsaidthatlocalvariablesaffectedthecomplexsocialorganizationoftheearlyBronzeAge.
RenfrewsaidthatthemajorchangesinsocialorganizationcouldbeunderstoodonlybyexaminingtheeffectsofthenewdevelopmentsthattookplaceintheearlyBronzeAge.
TheearlyBronzeAge,Renfrewsaid,wasatimeinwhichthereweremajorchangestomanyinterrelatedaspectsoflocalsocialsystems.
TounderstandthesocialorganizationandcomplexityoftheearlyBronzeAge,itwasnecessary,saidRenfrew,firsttodeterminewhatnewvariableshademerged.
233Paragraph3
TheeconomyofNeolithicGreecewasbasedongrowinggrainsandraisingsheep.EarlyinthethirdmillenniumB.C.E.,cultivationofgrapevinesandolivetreesalsobecameimportantinsouthernGreeceandtheAegeanIslands.Bothcropswereeminentlysuitablefortradeandstorageintheformofoliveoilandwine.Theyweregrownonlandthatwasnotsuitableforgrainfarming.Theircultivationrequiredworkatadifferenttimeofyearfromthatneededbygraincrops,andmuchofthiswork,suchasharvesting,wasrelativelylight.Asaresult,agriculturalyieldsweresubstantiallyincreasedwithoutdisruptingestablishedagriculturalpractice.Thatincreaseinturnallowed,orstimulated,populationgrowth.Forthefirsttimetherewasenoughdemandforspecializedcraftsandservicestojustifytheexistenceoffull-timecraftspeople,whocouldbesupportedfromtheextraagriculturaloutput.3.
Theword”justify”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoincludewithinthesocialsystemprovidearationalbasisforemployencourage
4.Accordingtoparagraph3,growinggrapevinesandolivetreesincreasedagriculturalyieldsbecause
grapesandolivesweremostlyusedfortraderatherthanforcompetingwithestablishedcropsinlocalmarkets
grapevinesandolivetreescouldbecultivatedonlandthatwasalsousedforraisingsheep
growinggrapesandolivesdidnotrequiretheservicesofspecializedworkersgrapevinesandolivetreesdidnotcompetewithothercropsforlandorlaborParagraph3ismarkedwithanarrow[→]
5.Accordingtoparagraph3,theincreasedimportanceofgrapeandolivecultivationledtowhichofthefollowingchangesinGreece?AnincreaseinthenumberofinhabitantsAnincreaseintheamountofgraintraded
AnincreaseinthepercentageoffarmersinthepopulationThedevelopmentofnewmethodsofstoringfoodsParagraph3ismarkedwithanarrow[→]
Paragraph4
SomecopperartifactsweremadeduringthefourthmillenniumB.C.E,buttherewerenotmanyofthemandtheyhadlittleeconomicorsocialsignificance.When,inthethirdmillennium,copperbegantobemixedwithtintoproducetherelativelyhardalloybronze,demandformetalgoodsgrew.Bronzecouldbeusedtomakearangeofusefulnewtoolsandweaponsandavarietyofimpressiveornaments.Thedemandformetalworkstimulatedfurtherspecializationincraftssuchastoolmakingandjewelry
234making.Thenewtoolspromotedthedevelopmentofothercrafts,likecarpentryandshipbuilding.Competitionforprestigiousorusefulcraftproductsandforcontroloftheirproducershelpedtoheightenbothsocialdifferenceswithincommunitiesandconflictsbetweenthem,resultingintheemergenceoflocalchieftains,whowerealsoinmanyinstanceswarriors.Thesechieftainsregulatedagriculturalandcraftproduction,operatingadistributionsystemthroughwhichthefarmerscouldobtaintoolsorornamentstheyneededorwanted.Theorganizationaldemandsofcontrolleddistributionmadeitnecessarytodevelopmethodsofmeasurementandrecording,whichledtothedevelopmentofwriting.6.
Theword”promoted”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningtorequired
benefitedfromencouragedspeededup
7.Accordingtoparagraph4,whydidtheinventionofbronzeleadtoincreasedconflict?
Itresultedinmoreeffectiveweaponsforwarriors.
Itledtocompetitionforthecontrolofskilledcraftspeopleandtheirproducts.
Itleftthecraftspeoplewhohadbeeninvolvedinmakingcopperproductswithoutandoccupation.
Itledtocompetitionforavailablesuppliesoftintobeusedintheproductionofbronze.
Paragraph4ismarkedwithanarrow[→]
8.Allofthefollowingarediscussedinparagraph4aschangesinGreeksocietyafterbronzewasintroducedEXCEPT:
Socialdifferentiationwithincommunitiesincreased.Metalcraftworkersbecamemorespecialized.
Methodswereinventedfordocumentingthedistributionofgoods.Craftworkersgainedgreaterindependencefromlocalchieftains.Paragraph4ismarkedwithanarrow[→]
Paragraph5
Renfrewarguedthatanysingleinnovationwouldhavehadalimitedornegligibleeffectonsocialorganizationbecausetheinherentlyconservativenatureofsocietiesactstominimizechange.However,theinteractionofseveralsimultaneousdevelopmentscreatedamultipliereffect.IntheAegean,increasedagriculturalproductivityprovidedthemeanstosupportcraftspecialization,whilebronzemetallurgyprovidedthetechnologyforproducinghighlyvaluednewproducts.Thesefactorssetinmotionaseriesofchangesinothersubsystemsofsociety.Thosechangesinturnresultedinwhat,inatermborrowedfromelectronics,arecalledpositivefeedbackloops—alterationsintheworkingsofasocialsystemthatservetoreinforce
235themselves.ThusAegeansocietywastransformedfromoneconsistingofbasicallyself-sufficientandegalitarianfarmingvillagestooneofprosperous,hierarchicalchiefdoms,withpalace-dwellingrulers,activelycompetingwithoneanotherbothathomeandininternationaltrade.
9.Thephrase“severalsimultaneousdevelopments”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto
independentdevelopments
developmentsthatreinforcedeachotherdevelopmentsthatoccurredatthesametime
developmentsthatfollowedoneanotherinasequence10.Theword”hierarchical”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningtohavingseverallevelsofauthoritydependentonmilitarysupporthereditarynondemocratic
11.Whatroledoestheideaofa“multipliereffect”serveinRenfrew’sexplanationofthedevelopmentofcivilizationintheAegean?
Itallowshimtoarguethatthecombinedeffectofindividualdevelopmentscanleadtoamajortransformationofasocialorganization.
Itallowshimtoexplaintheideaofapositivefeedbackloop.
Itallowshimtoexplaintheinherentlyconservativenatureofsocieties.
Itallowshimtoexplainhowthechangesinagriculture,bronzemetallurgy,andcraftspecializationcameabout.12.Accordingtoparagraph5,thetransformationofAegeansocietyinvolvedallthefollowingEXCEPT
interdependenceofthesociety’svarioussocialandeconomicstructureseconomicsuccess
competitionbetweenchiefdomsforeconomicdominancesocialandpoliticalequality
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Inaworkpublishedin1972,ProfessorColinRenfrewapproachedtheproblemfromadifferentviewpoint.■HearguedthatthescantyavailableevidenceforinvasionorimmigrationfromAnatoliaintoGreeceintheearlyBronzeAge(about3300-2200B.C.E.)showedthat,atmost,suchincursionwaslimited,andthatitcouldnotberegardedasresponsibleforthetransformationofsocietythere.■Trade,thoughclearlydocumented,wasalsoaninadequateexplanationinitself.■Tounderstandthemajorchangesinsocialorganizationandcomplexitythattookplace,itwasnecessary,saidRenfrew,todeterminetheimpactthatnewvariablesemergingintheearlyBronze
236Agemayhavehadoneveryinterrelatedaspectofthelocalsocialsystem.■Thetwonewmajordevelopmentsheconsideredwerechangesinthesubsistenceeconomyandtheintroductionofbronzemetallurgy.
13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Instead,Renfrewemphasizedthecomplexinternaldynamicsofchange.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.
14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
Dragyourchoicestothespaceswheretheybelong.Toreviewthepassage,clickon
ViewText.ColinRenfrew’sexplanationoftheriseofAegeancivilizationrejectedtraditionalviewsthatthecausewasoneoranotherexternalinfluenceonthedevelopingsociety.●●●AnswerChoicesA.TheemergenceofAegeancivilizationwastheresultofinternalfactorsinteractingwitheachotherinawaythatmultipliedeachother’seffects.
B.Anincreaseinpopulationcreatedashortageofagriculturallandthatincreasedsocialtensionsandforcedmanyfarmerstobecomewarriorsforlocalchieftains.
C.Moreeffectivebronzeweaponsincreasedthepoweroflocalchieftains,whoimposedasysteminwhichtheycollectedfarmandcraftproductsinexchangeforprotectingtheirsubjects.
D.Oncepeoplebeganproducingbronze,itsurpassedwineandoliveoilasthemostimportantgoodtradedintheAegean.
E.Agriculturalsurplusesfromtheproductionofoliveoilandwineandtheintroductionofbronzetechnologytogethersupportedpopulationgrowth,thedevelopmentofcrafts,andeconomicexpansion.
F.Astheeconomydiversifiedandgrew,ahigherlevelofsocialorganizationwasrequired,aneedthatencouragedtheemergenceofchieftainswhoregulatedthedistributionofeconomicgoods.
237参:
DeterminingtheAgesofthePlanetsandtheUniverse:BCDAA,ABCBD,ACA,123CostsandBenefitsofDispersal:ADDCB,DDCCD,BBB,356TheMultiplierEffect:CBBDA,CBDCA,ADC,156
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