名词,代词讲义

一. 教学内容 1. 名词,代词的定义. 2. 名词,代词的用法. 3. 专项题型训练.

3. 2014 中考必备试题(P1-6) 名词

1. 名词的数 （1） 可数名词 —— 一般是个体名词，如a boy(一个男孩)，集体名词a

family(一个家庭)，可数名词在句子中必须有头或是有尾，头就是a，

one，an或物主代词；尾就是复数形式。 规则复数变化形式： 情况 构成方法 加-s 读音 清辅音后读/s/，浊辅音或原音后读/z/ 读/z/ 例词 一般情况 以o结尾的表示有生命的名词 以s，sh，ch，x等结尾的名词 以ce，se，ze，（d）ge等结尾的名词 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词 以f或fe结尾的名词 book→books key→keys tomato→tomatoes potato→potatoes bus→buses watch→watches box→boxes case→cases orange→oranges family→families party→parties knife→knives leaf→leaves 加-es 加-es 读/iz/ 加-s 读/iz/ 变y为i，再加-es 变f或fe为v，再加-es 读/z/ 读/z/ 不规则复数变化形式： 变内部元音字母 foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth- teeth, man-men 词尾加en 单复数同形

child-children, ox-oxen fish, sheep, deer, means, Chinese, yuan, jin, li 特殊的复数形式:

1）集体名词：集体名词不能运用具体的数字修饰，下面的集体名词，不能用a，one，two等修饰，只能在其前加the表示“全体……”。

the police (指全体) the English 英国人(指全体英国人) the French 法国人(指全体法国人)

2）复合名词

a woman teacher—women teachers 女教师 an Englishman—Englishmen 英国男子

a grown-up—grown-ups 成人

a brother-in-law—brothers-in-law 内兄、内弟、小叔、大伯 （2） 不可数名词

专有名词：NBA全美篮球协会 Michael Jackson 迈克杰克逊 the West Lake 西湖

物质名词：液体：milk water tea coffee juice oil(油) 肉类：beef chicken mutton pork

天气：weather rain snow wind light 光 其他：news(新闻，消息) bread(面包)

抽象名词：fun love luck duty kindness善良happiness幸福progress进步 【注意】有些不可数的物质名词有复数形式，但表达不同意义。

tea— different kinds of teas 不同种类的茶

food 食品 — all kinds of foods 各种各样的食品 fruit 水果 — all kinds of fruits 各种各样的水果

glass 玻璃— a glass 一个玻璃杯 — glasses 眼镜、玻璃杯

【名词的格】

1)．表示有生命的东西的名词所有格。

①一般在单数或复数名词后加－'s。如：Tom's chair； the children's bedroom

②以－s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'”。如：the students' reading room ③并列名词 表示各自所属时，在两个名词之后都加’s；w

表示共同所属时。在最后一个名词后加's。

如：Tom and Mike's father 汤姆和迈克的父亲(俩人共有的父亲) Tom’s and Mike’s fathers 汤姆的父亲和迈克的父亲（俩人各自的父亲） ④表示店铺，某人的家，私人开的诊所、餐馆等，其所有格后的名词(如shop等)可以省略。如： at Tom’s 在汤姆家里 at the tailor's在裁缝店 at

a chemist's在药店

2)．表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格，常常用“of+名词”的形式。 如：the covers of the book(s)书的封面 a photo of my family一张我家的全家福 注意：①表示有生命东西的名词，如果名词较长或名词的定语较长．也可用“of+名词”的形式。

如：the works of Lu Xun, Lao She and Mao Dun

the founding of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国的成立

②表示时间、距离、集体、城市、国家、团体、机构及某些惯用语中的名词，可用－'s。

如：yesterday's newspaper昨天的报纸 five minutes’ drive开车五分钟的路程③of短语所表示的是修饰名词的具体内容或材料。如： a map of the world 世界地图 a ring of gold 金戒指

④某些习惯用法中of短语不能替换's结构。

如： teachers' office 教师办公室 children's book 儿童读物

代词：英语中代词有人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词。

人称代词： 人 称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单 数 主 格 宾 格 I me you you he him she her it it one 复 数 主 格 宾 格 we us you you they them 通 称 物主代词： 人 称 ones 单 数 复 数 形容词名词性 形容词名词性 性 性 my mine our ours 第一人称 your yours your yours 第二人称 his hers its their theirs 第三人称 his her its one's 通 称 反身代词： 人 称 单 数 复 数 myself ourselves 第一人称 yourself yourselves 第二人称 第三人称 himself herself itself themselves oneself 通 称 不定代词：常见的有some，any，all，none，both，either，each， other，another，much，many，few，little，one等

指示代词：this，that，these，those 疑问代词:

Who whom 谁（主格） 谁（宾格） whose 谁的 which 哪个，哪些 what 什么 一、典型例题

（ B）1. How many ________ were lost in the fire! A．life B．lives C．lifes

（ B ）2. We will have a ________ holiday, What about going to West Lake? A．two day B．two-day C．two-days D．two day’s （ C ）3. I have ________ to do this evening.

A．a lot of works B．many work C．a lot of work D．some works （ A ）4.There is good_________ for you. I've found your lost watch. A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughts （ B ）5.My uncle will come to my house for dinner．I want to buy some ___to make a vegetable salad for him．

A．meat B．tomatoes C．apple juice

（ D ）6.The teacher said we needed to choose three for the school concert. A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers （ B）7. exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam. A. What an, a B. What, a C. How an, the D. How, the （ C ）9. Miss Brown will teach ________ English next term. A. us B. we C. our D. ours （ C）10.______ are League members.

A. He and me B. I and he C. He and I D. Me and he （ D）11.We are in a hurry, so we can’t look after ________. A. they B. their C. theirs D. them

（ C）12.“Look at that bike,” he said to his brother. “Isn’t it one of ______?” A. our’s B. ours’ C. ours D. our （ D）13. Would you please give _____?

A him it B it him C to him it D it to him （ C ）14. She always thinks of ____ more than ____.

A others, her B the others, she C others, herself D the others, herself （ D）15. ---Which sweater do you prefer, the yellow one or the pink one?

--- _____. I like a light blue one.

A. Either B. Both C. Any D. Neither 二、课后练习

（ C ）1．---How far is your cousin’s home from here?

---It’s about two _______ drive.

A. hour’s B. hours C. hours’ D. hour （ ）2--- Good morning, madam. Can I help you?

---Sure, I’d like ______ for cooking vegetables.

A. two cups of tea B. three pieces of bread C. five kilos of oil （ ）3---Would you like some drinks, boys? ---Yes, ____ , please.

A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolate C. some cakes D. two boxes of cola

（ ）4---Look! Do you know ______man under the tree?

---Sorry .It’s too far to see ______clearly. A. this; him

B. that; his

C. this; her

D. that; him

（ ）5---Which of the caps will you take?

---I’ll take _______,one for my father ,the other for my brother. A. neither

B. both

C. all

（ ）6---Who helped you clean the classroom yesterday?

---_______.I cleaned it all by myself. A. Somebody

B. Nobody

C. Everybody

（ ）7---Excuse me .I want to buy some stamps. Where can I find a post office? ---I know _______not far from here. You can easily find ________. A. that; it

B. it; one

C. one; it

（ ）8_________of the hats suited him, so Jack had to try on the third one. A. Neither

B. Either

C. Both

（ ）9---Have you got ________ready for the sports meeting? ---Not yet. We still have ________to do. A. anything; nothing something

（ ）10. All of us find _______ necessary to take exercise every day. A. this B. that C. it D. them

（ ）11. ---Linda, help _______ to some fruits. ---Thank you!

A. you B. yours C. yourself D. yourselves （ ）12. She is a student and ________ name is Kate.

B. something; everything

C.

everything;

A. she B. her C. hers

（ ）13This English newspaper is very easy for the students because there are _____ new words in it.

A. little B. a little C. few D. a few （ ）14. Today is September 10th. It's______ Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A. Teachers A. a paper a piece of paper

（ ）16. The ______ now is that we have lots of _____ to ask, A. problem; questions B. question; problems problem; question

（ ）17. --- Can I just have a try?

---Sure. It doesn't if you give a wrong answer. A. matter Please. A. place

B. seat

C. room

D. ground

（ ）19. ---What would you like to drink, girls? ----_____, please. A. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffees C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cup of coffees

（ ）20. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs far _______. A. fun A.pen

B. wishes B. box

C. interest

D. thanks

（ ）21. I'd like something to read. Would you please pass me the _____________?

C. ruler

D. book

D. Teachers'

（ ）22. September 10th is ___________. A. Women's Day B. Children's Day Day

（ ）23. ---How do you get home from ______? By bus? ---No, I walk. ______ isn't very far.

A. school, The school B. the school, The school C. the school, School D. school, School

24. She began to learn French all by herself last year. She began to ____ teach herself____ （自学） French last year.

C. Mid-autumn Day

B. trouble

C. mind

D. care

（ ）18. --- Could you move over a little and make some_______ for me? --- Sure.

C question; problem

D.

B. Teachers'

C. the Teachers'

D. Teacher's

D.

（ ）15 .He had something to write down and asked me for_____,

B. some papers

C some pieces papers

25. This is not my pencil-box. __mine________（I）is in the bag.

26. Sam is my brother. Do you like to play with ______him______（he）？ 27. Did you enjoy yourselves ____ （you），Mary and Kate？

28.The hunter was very smart and brave. When two ____wolves________ (狼) came, he wasn’t afraid at all.