ASTM D1907

StandardTestMethodfor

LinearDensityofYarn(YarnNumber)bytheSkeinMethod1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD1907;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(e)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.

1.Scope

1.1Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofthelineardensityofalltypesofyarninpackageform,subjecttothelimitationsofsizeandstretchgivenin1.2and1.3.Provisionismadeforexpressingyarnlineardensityinallthetraditionalyarnnumberingsystems.

1.2Thismethodisapplicabletoyarnsthatstretchlessthan5%whentensionontheyarnisincreasedfrom0.25to0.75cN/tex(0.25to0.75gf/tex).Bymutualagreement,anduseofalowerthanspecifiedreelingtension,thismethodmayalsobeadaptedtomeasurethelineardensityofyarnsthatstretchmorethan5%,undertheaboveforce.

1.3Thismethodisapplicabletoyarnsfinerthan2000tex.However,itmaybealsoadaptedtocoarseryarnsbytheuseofskeinsofshorterthanspecifiedlengths,andalternatereelingconditions,agreeabletotheinterestedparties.

1.4Dependingontheprocedureusedtocalculatethemoisturecontentoftheyarnbeingtested,anditsactualmoisturecontent,orfinishcontent,orboth,oneormoreofthefollowingoptionsmaybeutilized.1.4.1UnscouredYarn:

Option1—Yarnatequilibriumwiththestandardatmospherefortestingtextiles.

Option2—Oven-driedyarn.

Option3—Oven-driedyarn,pluscommercialmoisturere-gain.

1.4.2ScouredYarn:

Option4—Scouredyarnatequilibriumwiththestandardatmospherefortestingtextiles.

Option5—Oven-dried,scouredyarn.

Option6—Oven-dried,scouredyarn,pluscommercialmois-tureregain.

Option7—Oven-dried,scouredyarn,pluscommercialal-lowance(commercialmoistureregain,plusanallowanceforfinish).

1.5Specimensusedtodetermineyarnlineardensitymayalsobeusedtodeterminetheskeinbreakingstrengthoftheyarn.Hence,thismethodprovidesthesequenceofstepstobefollowed,todetermineboththeseyarnproperties.

NOTE1—Thelineardensityofyarnsproducedwithjute,orglass,mayalsobedeterminedbythefollowingapprovedmethods:SpecificationsD1,D578,andD681.Thelineardensityofshortyarnsegments,raveledfromfabrics,maybedeterminedbyTestMethodD1059.

1.6ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasstandard.ThevaluesshowninparenthesesareapproximateconversionstoU.S.customaryunitequivalents.

1.7Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.

2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStandards:2D123TerminologyRelatingtoTextilesD1SpecificationforSingleJuteYarn3D578SpecificationforGlassFiberStrands

D681SpecificationforJuteRoveandPliedYarnforElectricalandPackingPurposes3D1059TestMethodforYarnNumberBasedonShort-LengthSpecimens

D1578TestMethodforBreakingStrengthofYarninSkeinForm

D1909StandardTableofCommercialMoistureRegainsforTextileFibers

D2257TestMethodforExtractableMatterinTextilesD2260TablesofConversionFactorsandEquivalentYarnNumbersMeasuredinVariousNumberingSystemsD2258PracticeforSamplingYarnforTesting

D2494TestMethodforCommercialMassofaShipmentofYarnorManufacturedStapleFiberorTow

D4849TerminologyRelatingtoYarnsandFibers3.Terminology

3.1ForallterminologyrelatingtoD13.11,CottonandFibers,refertoTerminologyD4849.

3.1.1Thefollowingtermsarerelevanttothisstandard:commercialallowance,commercialmoistureregain,direct

ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD13.58onYarnsandFibers.CurrenteditionapprovedJan.1,2007.PublishedFebruary2007.Originallyapprovedin1961T.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2001asD1907–01.

1ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandardsvolumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageontheASTMwebsite.3Withdrawn.

2Copyright©ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,UnitedStates.

1

D1907–07

yarnnumberingsystem,indirectyarnnumberingsystem,lineardensityforfiberandyarn,skein,yarnnumber,yarnnumberingsystem.

3.2Forallotherterminology,refertoTerminologyD123.4.SummaryofTestMethod

4.1Specifiedlengthsofyarnarewoundonreelsasskeins,andweighed.Thelineardensityoftheyarniscomputedfromthemassandlengthoftheskein.Insomeoptions,theskeinisscouredbeforeweighing,and,dependingontheoptionchosen,themassoftheskeinmaybedeterminedafterovendrying,orafterconditioning.5.SignificanceandUse

5.1TestMethodD1907isconsideredsatisfactoryforacceptancetestingofcommercialshipments,sinceithasbeenusedextensivelyinthetradeforthatpurpose.

5.1.1IncaseofdisputearisingfromdifferencesinreportedtestresultswhenusingTestMethodD1907foracceptancetestingofcommercialshipments,thepurchaserandthesup-pliershouldconductcomparativeteststodetermineifthereisastatisticalbiasbetweentheirlaboratories.

5.1.2Competentstatisticalassistanceisrecommendedforthedeterminationofsuchabias.Asaminimum,thetwopartiesshouldtakeagroupoftestspecimensthatareashomogeneousaspossible,andthatarefromthesamelotofthematerialinquestion.Thetestspecimensshouldthenberandomlyassignedinequalnumberstoeachlaboratoryfortesting.Theaverageresultsfromthetwolaboratoriesshouldbecomparedusingstatisticalanalysisforunpaireddata,andanacceptableprob-abilitylevelchosenbythepartiesbeforetestingbegins.Ifabiasisfound,eitheritscausemustbeidentifiedandcorrected,orthepurchaserandsuppliermustagreetointerpretfuturetestresultsforthatmaterialwithconsiderationtotheknownbias.5.2Thistestmethodisintendedprimarilyforthedetermi-nationoftheaveragelineardensityofyarns.However,thevariationsidentifiedbytheresultsmayalsoprovideusefulinformation.Ifthecoefficientofvariationistobecalculated,eachskeinmustbeweighedseparately,andalargernumberofskeinswillneedtobetested(ascomparedtothenumberofskeinstobetestedforthedeterminationoftheaverageyarnlineardensityalone).

5.3Thistestmethodincludessevenoptions,dependingonwhethertheyarnisscouredbeforeweighing,weighedintheconditionedoroven-driedstate,orwhetherornottheresultsobtainedareadjustedforcommercialmoistureregain,oracommercialallowance.Option1(unscoured,conditionedyarn)isgenerallyusedforyarnsspunonthecottonsystem,whileOptions6and7(scoured,ovendriedyarn,pluscommercialmoistureregain,orallowancearegenerallyusedforfilamentyarns,oryarnscontainingwoolfibers.Thespecificoptionstobeusedinanyinstanceshallbeagreeduponbytheparties,orasprescribedintestmethodsortolerances,forfilamentyarns,orforyarnsspunfromspecificfibers.

5.4InOptions2,3,5,6,and7,anoven-driedsampleisobtainedbyexposingtheyarninanovenwithasupplyofairatstandardtextiletestingconditions,asdescribedin6.3.

2

6.ApparatusandReagents6.1Reel:

6.1.1General—Ahandreelormotordrivenreelhavingaperimeterof1.000mor1.500yd.withatoleranceof60.25%isrecommended.Byprioragreement,reelshavingaperimeterofbetween1.0and2.5m(1.5and3.0yd)maybeused.Thereelshallbefittedwithatraversingmechanismthatwillavoidbunchingsuccessivewrapsofyarn,andwithanindicatorofthelengthwound.Awarningbellthatringsataspecifiedlength,isalsorecommended.And,itisadvisablethatonearmofthereelbecollapsible,toallowforeasyremovalofthewoundskeins.6.1.2ReelPerimeter—Determinetheactualperimeterofthereelbywindinga0.6cm.(0.25in.)widesteelmeasuringtapearoundthereel.Tensionthetapepriortodirectlyreadingthecircumferenceofthereel,byattachinga0.5kg(1.0lb)weighttotheendofthetape.Repeatthismeasurementneareachendofthebarsofthereel,andinthecenter.Ifthecircumferenceatanyoftheseareasisoutsidethelimitsof1.00062.5mm(1.500+0.1in.),adjusttheflywheeltobringthemeasurement(s)withinthelimits.

6.1.3YarnTensioning—Thereelshallbefittedwitheitherapositivefeesystematacontrolledtensionof0.5cN/tex(0.05gf/tex)orwithanadjustabletensiondevice.Thelengthoftheskeinsshouldbechecked,andvariationsinlengthnotbeallowedtoexceed60.25%(SeeAnnexA1).

6.2Balance—Forthedeterminationofaverageyarnlineardensity,abalanceofsuitablecapacity,graduatedingramsorgrains,withasensitivityof1partin1000shouldbeused.Ifsingleskeinsareweighed,abalancegraduateddirectlyinyarnlineardensitymaybeused.

NOTE2—The1:1000balancesensitivityisneededtoascertainthecompletionofconditioning,orovendrying.Forsubsequentweighingsofskeins,a1:500sensitivityhasbeenfoundtobesufficient.

NOTE3—Forthecalculationofthevariationofyarnlineardensity,a1:100balancesensitivityissufficienttoweighindividualskeins,aftertheskeinsareconditioned,oroven-dried.

6.3DryingOven—Anoven,ventilatedandcapableofbeingcontrolledinatemperaturerangeof10563°C(22165°F),isrequiredtodrytheskeins.Theovenshouldbeofsufficientdesigntofacilitatethefreepassageofairthroughthespeci-mens,andshouldbesuppliedwithacurrentofairsufficienttochangetheairintheovenonceevery4min.Thespecimensshallbeprotectedfromanydirectheat,radiatingfromtheheatingunitsoftheoven.Airsuppliedtotheovenshallbeatthestandardatmospherefortestingtextiles.Theovenmaybeprovidedwithfacilitiestoshutofftheaircurrentandweighthespecimens,withoutremovingthemfromtheoven.

6.4FacilitiesforScouring(Options4,5,6,and7),asindicatedinX2.2,orinSections6.1and6.3ofTestMethodD2494.

6.5WeighingCans,withtightfittinglids,andofsufficientsizetoholdallskeins,orgroupsofskeins(Options2,3,5,6,and7),iftheweighingistobedoneoutsidetheoven.Weighingbottleswithground-glassstoppersmayalsobeused.

6.6AuxiliaryFacilities,suitedtothespecimensandoptionsused,suchassamplesupports,taredwiregauzebasketsofcorrosionresistantmetal,dessicatorsofsufficientsizetoholdtheweighingcansorbottles,andanefficientdessicant.

D1907–07

7.Sampling

7.1LotSample—Asalotsampleforacceptancetesting,takeatrandomthenumberofshippingunitsdirectedinanapplicablematerialspecification,orotheragreementbetweenthepurchaserandsupplier,suchasanagreementtousePracticeD2258.Considercartonsorothershippingunitstobetheprimarysamplingunits.

NOTE4—Anadequatespecificationorotheragreementbetweenthepurchaserandthesupplierrequirestakingintoaccountthevariabilitybetweenshippingunits,betweenpackagesorendswithinashippingunit,andbetweenspecimensfromasinglepackage,toprovideasamplingplanwithameaningfulproducer’srisk,user’srisk,acceptablequalitylevel,andlimitingqualitylevel.

7.2LaboratorySample—Asalaboratorysampleforaccep-tancetesting,takeatrandomfromeachshippingunitinthelotsamplethenumberofpackagesorendsdirectedinanapplicablematerialspecification,orasagreedtobetweenpurchaserandsupplier(suchasanagreementtousePracticeD2258).Preferably,thesamenumberofpackagesshouldbetakenfromeachshippingunitinthelotsample.

7.2.1AverageofYarnLinearDensity—Whenonlytheaverageoftheyarnlineardensityistobedetermined,takealaboratorysampleasfollows:

Filamentyarns

YarnsspunonWorstedorCottonsystemsYarnsspunonBast,orWoollensystems

—

5packages—10packages—20packages

7.2.2AverageandVariabilityofYarnLinearDensity—Whenboththeaverageandvariabilityofthelineardensityofyarnaretobedetermined,takealaboratorysampleof30packages.Ifpossible,takeanequalnumberofrandomlyselectedpackagesfromeachcaseinthelotsample.

7.3TestSpecimens—Testoneskeinfromeachpackageinthelaboratorysample.

NOTE5—Sincethevariationinyarnlineardensityisusuallyhigherbetweenpackagesthanwithinpackages,noappreciableimprovementinprecisioncanbeexpectedbytestingmorethanoneskeinfromeachpackage.

9.Procedure9.1General:

9.1.1Theprocedureuseddependsontheoptionsselected;Table1showsthestepstobefollowedforeachoption.

9.1.2Ifboththebreakingloadandlineardensityaretobedetermined,testconditionedskeinsforbreakingstrengthbeforescouring,asdirectedinTestMethodD1578.

ForOption1,conditiontheyarnpriortoreelingtestskeins.Pre-condition,thenconditionthetestskeins;performskeinbreakingloadtestspriortoweighingtheskeins.ForalltheotherOptions,conditiontheyarnpriortoreelingtestskeins.Precondition,thenconditionthetestskeins,breakthem,thenproceedwithovendryingorscouring,orboth,andthesubsequentstepsshowninTable1.9.2TensionforReeling:

9.2.1Toestablishtherequiredtensionforreeling,reelaskeinfromeachoftwopackages,andimmediatelychecktheirlengths,asprescribedinAppendix.Ifthelengthofeitherskeindepartsfromthesetlengthbymorethan0.25%,adjustthereelingtensionandrepeatthereelingmeasurementuntilbothskeinsfallwithinthe60.25%tolerance.Ifyarnissuppliedonmorethanonetypeofpackage,checktwoskeinsfromeachtypeofpackageasabove.Itmaybenecessarytousedifferentreelingtensionsforeachpackagetype.

9.2.2If,whenreeledundertheleastpossibletension,skeinsaremorethan0.25%shorterthanthenominallength,reelskeinslongerthanspecifiedinTable2,andallowthemtorelaxinthestandardatmospherefortestingtextilesforatleast3h.

TABLE1GeneralProcedures

ReferencedSections

Step1

AllOptions:

Selectionoflotsample,andpackagesConditioningpriortoreeling

Settingofskeingage,andreelingofskeins

Step2

Option1—Unscouredyarninstandardatmospherefor

testingtextiles:

Preconditioningandconditioning

Weighingofskeins,andcalculationofyarnlineardensity

Option2—Unscoured,moisturefreeyarn,and,Option3—Unscoured,moisturefreeyarn,with

commercialmoistureregain:Ovendrying

Weighingofskeins,andcalculationofyarnlineardensity

Option4—Scouredyarn,instandardatmospherefor

testingtextiles:Scouring

Preconditioning,andconditioning

Weighingofskeins,andcalculationofyarnlineardensity

Option5—Scoured,oven-driedyarn

Option6—Scoured,oven-driedyarn,withcommercial

moistureregain:

Option7—Scoured,oven-driedyarn,withcommercial

allowance:ScouringOvendrying

Weighingofskeins,andcalculationofyarnlineardensity

78.19.3to9.6

7.3.1AnexceptiontotheinformationprovidedinNote5mayoccurinpackagesoffilamentyarns;consistentdifferencesinyarnlineardensityaresometimespresentbetweenyarnontheoutsideofthepackage,ascomparedtoyarnontheinside.Ifsuchdifferencesaresuspected,testmorethanoneskeinfromeachpackage,withoutreducingthenumberofpackagessampledfortesting,takingskeinsatintervalsthroughoutthepackages.

8.Conditioning

8.1Beforereelingtestskeins,conditionyarninskeinforminthestandardatmospherefortestingtextilesforaminimumof1h,andyarnonpackagesforaminimumof3h.Additionally,priortotesting,preconditioningofthetestskeinsmayberequiredforOption1,butisnotnecessaryforOptions2through7.

NOTE6—ForOptions2through7,wheretheyarnisscouredoroven-driedafterreeling,theconditioningpriortoreelingisrequiredtoensureacorrectskeinlength.

9.7,and9..10,10.1,and10.2

9.9

9.10,and10

9.6,andX29.7,and9..10,10.1,and10.2

9.6,andX2

9.9

9.10,10.1,and10.2

3

D1907–07

TABLE2NumberofWrapsandLengthsofSkeins

1mReelPerimeter

Allyarnsfinerthan100tex

Spunyarnscoarserthan100texAFilamentyarnscoarserthan100tex

A1.5ydReelPerimeter80wraps=120yd40wraps=60yd8wraps=12yd

100wraps=100m50wraps=50m10wraps=10m

See9.3.2.

Thenreeltestskeinsfromtherelaxedskeins,forthedetermi-nationofyarnlineardensity.

9.2.3Oncethecorrecttensionforreelinghasbeenestab-lishedforaspecifictypeofyarnandpackage,subsequenttestingofthatyarnonthesamereeldoesnotrequirerecheck-ingofskeinlengths.

9.3LengthofTestSkein:

9.3.1Forreelswithperimetersof1mor1.5yd,selectthenumberofwrapsandskeinlengthfromTable2.Ifareelwithadifferentperimeterisusedbyagreement,selectthenumberofwrapsbasedonawholenumberofturnsofthereel,thatwillgiveapproximatelyoneoftheskeinlengthsshowninTable2.

NOTE7—Ifboththeskeinbreakingforceandyarnlineardensityaretobedetermined,notethatincertaincases,skeinlengthsshorterthanthoseshowninTable2arepermitted.Forexample,Option1ofTestMethodD1578specifiesaskeinlengthof110m(120yd),butpermitstheuseofshorterskeins,toallowthebreakingforcetoremainwithinthecapacityofthetensiletestingmachine.Insuchcases,reelanadditionalskeinfromeachpackageinthelaboratorysamplesothatthetotallengthoftheskeins(additionalskeinplusskeinusedtodeterminetheskeinbreakingforce),reeledfromeachpackage,equalsthevalueslistedinTable2.Weighthetwoskeinsfromeachpackagetogether,todeterminethelineardensityoftheyarn.

standardatmospherefortestingtextiles,2161°C(7062°F)and6562%relativehumidity,untilmoistureequilibriumisreached,thatis,untilthemassofthespecimenincreasesbynomorethan0.1%after2hinthatatmosphere.9.8OvenDrying(Options2,3,5,6,and7)

9.8.1Placetheskeinsasreeled,orafterscouring,inanoven,maintainedat10563°C(22165°F).Arrangetheskeinstopermitfreeairaccess.

9.8.2Drytheskeinstoconstantmass,thatis,untiltheylosenomorethan0.1%oftheirmassat15min.intervalsifweighedintheoven,orat30min.intervalsifweighedoutsidetheoven.

9.8.2.1Coolinginhot,closedcontainersinadessicatorfrequentlycreatesavacuuminthecontainer.Formetalcontainers,quicklyremoveandreplacethecovertoreleasethevacuumbeforeweighing.Forglassbottles,coolthecontainerwiththecoverrestingsidewaysonthecontainer,topreventdevelopmentofvacuum,andputcoversinplaceuponopeningthedessicator,beforeweighing.9.9Weighing:

9.9.1Ifthevariationinyarnlineardensityistobedeter-minedofifthemassofindividualskeinsisneeded,weigheachskeinseparately.

9.9.2Todetermineaverageyarnlineardensity,weighallskeinstogetherateachstep,evenifweighedseparatelyearlier.

NOTE9—Ahigherdegreeofaccuracyisobtainedwhenallskeinsareweighedtogetherascomparedtowheneachskeinisweighedseparately.Hence,thismethodprovidesforthedeterminationoftheaverageyarnlineardensitybyweighingalltheskeinstogether.

9.3.2Whenreelingverycoarseyarns,windasinglelayer,toavoidabuilduponthereel.Specifically,usenomorethan25wrapsforyarnsbetween500and1000tex,andnomorethan10wrapsforyarnsbetween1000and2000tex.Obtaintherequiredlengthofskeins(approximately50m,or60yd)eitherbyreelingtwoormorecontiguousshortskeins,orbyusingareelwithaperimeterlargerthan1m(1.5yd).

9.4Reeling—Sincethespeedofreelingcanaffectreelingtension,reelallskeinsatthespeedusedinreelingpreliminaryskeins(seeAnnexA1).Avoidjerksandundueaccelerationordeceleration.

9.5Scouring(Options4,5,6,and7only)—ScourtheskeinsasdirectedinAppendixX2.Alternatively,thescouringproce-dureslistedinSections7.8,7.9,and7.12ofTestMethodD2494mayalsobeused.

9.6Preconditioning(Options1and4only)—Preconditionskeinsoftheasreceivedyarn,reeledforOption1,orscouredandair-driedskeinsforOption4,foratleast3hinanatmospherethatdoesnotexceedatemperatureof50°C(122°F),andwitharelativehumiditybetween10and25%.9.6.1Ifpreconditioningiscarriedoutinanoven,ensurethattheyarndoesnotbecometoodry.

NOTE8—InOption1,preconditioningandconditioningofyarnmaybedonebeforereeling.However,itisusuallynotconvenienttopreconditionlargepackagesinanovenoracabinet.Therefore,itmaybepreferabletopreconditiontheyarninskeinform.

9.9.3Ifthepanofthebalanceistoosmalltoaccommodatealltheskeinsatonetime,weighthemseparatelyingroups,andaddtheresultsofeachweighing.

9.9.4Ifweighingdriedskeinsinanoven,shutoffthecurrentofairintheoven.Iftheweighingisdoneoutsidetheoven,transfertheskeinorskeinstoaweighingcanorbottle,closeandplaceinadessicatortocool.Weighwhencool.Ifweighingbottlesareused,loosentheircoversfromtimetotime,whilecooling.

10.Calculation

10.1CalculationofAverageYarnLinearDensity:

10.1.1Calculatetheaveragemassofasingleskeinfromthetotalmassofallskeins.

10.1.2Fromtheaveragemassofaskein,calculatetheyarnlineardensityinonestep,forOptions1,2,4,and5,andintwostepsforOptions3,6,and7.Thefirststep,applicabletoallOptions,consistsofcalculatingyarnlineardensityfromthemassandlengthofskeins.Thesecondstepconsistsofmakinganadjustmentformoisture(Options3and6),oranadjustmentforbothmoistureandfinish(Option7)totheyarnlineardensitycalculatedbythefirststep.

10.1.3EquationsforYarnLinearDensityfromMassandLengthofSkeins—Anumberofequationscanbeusedtodetermineyarnlineardensity.Thetypeofequationtobeuseddependson:(1)thelengthofskeins(which,inturn,dependsontheperimeterofthereelandthenumberofwrapsused),(2)theunitsofmass(gramsorgrains),and(3)thetypeofyarnnumberingsystemthatthelineardensityiscalculatedin.Itis

4

9.7Conditioning(Options1and4only)—ConditionskeinsthathavebeenpreconditionedasdirectedinSection9.6ina

D1907–07

notfeasibletogivetheequationsforallthepossiblecombi-nationsoftheabove.Thelengthsandmassesthatformthebasisofseveralyarnnumberingsystems,aswellasthebasicequationsaregiveninAppendixX1.Aselectionofconstants,requiredforcalculations,andexamplesofthederivationoftheequationsthatapplyforvariousyarnnumberingsystemsarelistedinTable3.

10.1.4Theequationsforyarnlineardensityhavethefollowinggeneralform:

YarnLinearDensity~directsystem!,D5~M/L!3~A/B!YarnLinearDensity~indirectsystem!,I5~L/W!3~B/A!

(1)(2)

where:

M=averagemassofskeins,ingramsorgrains,

L=lengthofskeinasreadfromskeingage(orcalculated

bythenumberofwraps3perimeterofthereel),inmoryd,

A=constant,dependingontheyarnnumberingsystem

used,and

B=constant,dependingontheunitofmassused.

10.1.5UseofDirectReadingBalances—Ifbalancescali-brateddirectlyinyarnlineardensityareused,obtainthevaluesdirectlybyreadingthescaleonthebalance,andcalculatetheaverageyarnlineardensity,usingEq3orEq4,dependingontheyarnnumberingsystemused:

D5(Ti/nI5n/[(~1/Ti!#

(3)(4)

where:

D=yarnlineardensityinthedirectsystem,I=yarnlineardensityintheindirectsystem,n=numberofskeins,and,i=1,2,3,....n.

10.1.6AdjustmentforMoistureandFinish(Options3,6,and7)—Adjusttheresultsforaverageyarnlineardensity,obtainedasdirectedin10.1.4and10.1.5,byaddingthecommercialmoistureregainforOptions3and6,andthecommercialallowanceforOption7.Unlessotherwiseagreed,usethevalueslistedinTableD1909.

10.1.7Calculatetheadjustedyarnlineardensity,usingEq5orEq6,asfollows:

D85D[~1001C!/100]I85I[100/~1001C!#

(5)(6)

where:D8=I8=D=I=C

adjustedyarnlineardensityinthedirectsystem,

adjustedyarnlineardensityintheindirectsystem,lineardensityofoven-driedyarninthedirectsystem,lineardensityofoven-driedyarnintheindirectsystem,and,

=commercialmoistureregain,fromTable1909,orcommercialallowance,orothervalue,asagreedupon,%.

TABLE3ConstantsAandBforGeneralEquation1andEquation2

Lengthofskein:Massofskienin:

DirectSystems:TexDenierSpyndle

IndirectSystems:CottoncountWorstedcountWoolenrun100-ydhanks/lb

A/BA/BA/BB/AB/AB/AB/A

metersgrams

1000/1=10009000/1=900013167/453.6=29.03453.6/768.1=0.59053.6/512.1=0.8858453.6/1463=0.3100453.6/91.44=4.961

yardsgrams

1094/1=10949842/1=984214400/4536=31.753.6/840=0.00453.6/560=0.8100453.6/1600=0.28353.6/100=4.536

yardsgrains

1094/15.43=70.869842/15.43=637.814400/453.6=2.0577000/840=8.3337000/560=12.57000/1600=4.3757000/100=70

Example1—1-mreel,100wraps=100-mskein,mass(W)ingrams:

W1000

YarnLinearDensityintex510031510W

Example2—1.5-ydreel,80wraps=120-ydskein,mass(W)ingrams:

12070001000

YarnLinearDensityincottoncount5W38405WExample3—1.5-ydreel,40wraps=60-ydskein,mass(W)ingrams:

60453.8.6

YarnLinearDensityinworstedcount5W35605WExample4—1.125-mreel,80wraps=90-mskein,mass(W)ingrams:

W9000

YarnLinearDensityindenier590315100W

5

D1907–07

10.1.7.1Iftheyarnisablendofdifferentfibers,withdifferentcommercialregainsorallowances,thencalculatetheapplicablecommercialregainorallowancebyEq7,asfollows:

C5~1/100!~FaCa1FaCb1...!

(7)

=contentoffibera,b,...,%,and,

=commercialmoistureregain,forfibera,b,...,%.

Example—Calculationoftheadjustmentforcommercialmoistureregainforayarncomposedof80%rayon(commer-cialregainof11%),and20%secondaryacetate(commercialregainof6.5%):

C5~1/100!~8031112036.5!5~1/100!~8801130!510.1

(8)

where:FaFb...CaCb...

11.2.2Coefficientofvariationofyarnlineardensity,ifcalculated,

11.2.3Perimeterofthereelused,11.2.4Lengthoftestskeins,11.2.5Optionused,and,

11.2.6Numberofspecimenstested.

12.PrecisionandBias

12.1WithinLaboratoryTestData4—Theresultsofexten-sivetests,carriedoutbetween1961and19,inwhich291laboratoriesin26countriesdeterminedtheaverage,andcoefficientsofvariationofyarnlineardensities,togetherwiththeresultsofthevariationsintheseresultswithintheselaboratories,for1015differenttypesofyarns,aresummarizedinTable4.Sinceeachtypeofyarnexhibitedawiderangeofvariations,boththeaverageandstandarddeviationsforeachyarntypearelistedinthatTable.

12.2WithinLaboratoryPrecision—Forthecomponentsofvariancereportedintheabovedescribedstudy,twoaveragesofobservedvalueswouldbeconsideredsignificantlydifferentatthe95%probabilitylevel,ifthecriticaldifferencesinthereportedaveragesequalorexceedthecriticaldifferenceslistedinTable5.

12.3Bias—TestMethodD1907hasgenerallybeenusedasarefereemethod,andhasnoknownbias.Freedomfromallbiasispossibleonlywhenallthecomponentsusedformeasurement,thatis,reels,balances,ovens,etc.,areabsolutelyprecise,andfreefromerror.

13.Keywords

13.1yarnlineardensity,yarnnumber

And,theadjustedyarnlineardensity(Option3)willthenbeeither:

D85D[~100110.1!/100]5D31.101,

(9)(10)

or:

I85I[100/~100110.1!#5I/1.101

10.2CalculationoftheVariationofYarnLinearDensity10.2.1Calculatethecoefficientofvariationforyarnlineardensity,orthemassofskeins,forthelaboratoryandlotsamples,usingEq11,asfollows:

100V5x¯Œ(x22[~(x!2/n]

n21(11)

where:

v=coefficientofvariation,%,

x=yarnlineardensityforindividualpackages,orthe

massofindividualskeins,x¯=averagevalueofthex’s,and,n=numberofpackages.

NOTE10—Thecoefficientofvariationsofyarnlineardensitydependsonthelengthofyarnintestskeins,andincreasesasthelengthdecreases.However,thecoefficientsofvariationobtainedwithskeinsoffrom90to110minlengthhavebeenfoundtobecomparable.

SeeBornet,G.M.,“AStudyofCountVariationinCommerciallyProducedSingleYarnsofAllTypes,”TextileResearchJournal,Vol.36,1996,p.516.

4TABLE4CoefficientsofVariationforYarnLinearDensityWithin

Laboratories,BasedonOneSkeinPerPackageATypeofYarn

Filament

WorstedsystemCottonsystem

Linen,hemp,manilaandsisalJute

Woolensystem

ANumberofYarns481256165148127

Mills1746133211955

11.Report

11.1StatethatthespecimensweretestedasdirectedinTestMethodD1907.Describethematerialsorproductssampled,andthemethodofsamplingused.

11.2Reportthefollowinginformation:

11.2.1Averageyarnlineardensity,withidentificationoftheyarnnumberingsystemused,

AverageCV,%1.332.3.414.347.115.39

StandardDeviation0.651.121.311.531.651.

Lengthofskeinsintherangeof90to110m,selectedaccordingtothepracticeofthemill.

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D1907–07

TABLE5CriticalDifferences(inPercent)inAverageYarnLinear

Density

TypeofYarn

Filamentyarns

YarnsspunonworstedsystemsYarnsspunoncottonsystems

Linen,hemp,manila,andsisalyarnsJuteyarns

Yarnsspunonwoolensystems

NumberofObservations13.78.09.512.019.714.9

51.63..25.48.86.7

101.22.53.03.86.24.7

ANNEX

(MandatoryInformation)

A1.MEANSFORCHECKINGTHELENGTHOFYARNINSKEINS

A1.1SummaryofProcedure

A1.1.1Askeinismountedunderaspecifiedtensionbe-tweentwoverticallyalignedpegs,oneofwhichismovable.Thelengthoftheskeinisreaddirectlyfromascale,mountedadjacenttothepegs.Thelengthoftheskein,thenumberofwrapsintheskein,andthephysicaldimensionsoftheapparatusareusedtocalculatethelengthoftheyarnintheskein.

A1.2Apparatus

A1.2.1Theskeingage,forcheckingthelengthofatestskeinunderprescribedconditionsofload,consistsoftworoundmetalpegs,eachabout12.5mm(0.50in.)indiameter,and50to60mm(2to2.5in.)long,locatedinthesameverticalplane.Oneofthepegsisfixedtotherigidframeoftheapparatus,andtheotheriscarriedontheleverofasimpleloadingsystem,withalowfrictionbearingmountedontheframeactingasthefulcrumforthesystem.Atleastoneofthepegsshallbefreetorotateaboutitsaxis.Onehalfofthelengthoftheskeinisindicatedonascalemountedontheframe,byapointerattachedtotheleverarm,orbyanindexlineontheendoftheleverarm.

A1.3Procedure

A1.3.1Takingcaretoavoidbunching,placetheskeinaroundthetwopegs,andapplytheappropriateload,by

hangingaweightontheleverarm,orbymovingaslidingweightalongtheleverarm.Recordthelengthoftheskeinbyreadingthedistancebetweenthepegsonthescalewiththeskeinunderatensionof0.5cN/tex(0.05gf/tex).Calculatethelengthoftheyarnintheskein,usingEqA1.1,asfollows:

L52~D11.25p!3n

(A1.1)

where:

L=lengthofyarnintheskein,incm,

D=distancebetweentheaxesofthepegs,asregisteredon

thescale,incm,and,

n=numberofwrapsintheskein.

A1.3.2Ifthevalueofthelengthoftheyarnintheskeinfallsoutsidethelimitsof60.25%,prepareanewskeinafteradjustingthewindingtension,checkthelengthofyarninthatskein,and,ifwithinlimits,reelskeinsfortesting,asnecessary,usingthenew(adjusted)windingtension.

NOTEA1.1—Yarnlineardensityisdeterminedfromthemassofaspecificlengthofyarn.Sinceyarnsareextensibletovaryingdegrees,itisessentialthatskeinsbereeledundercontrolledtension,toobtainspecificyarnlengthseverytime.However,yarnreelsarenotequippedtoreadreelingtensions.Hence,thesimpleapparatusdescribedaboveallowsforthedeterminationofthepreciselengthofyarnsinskeins,andadjustmentofthereelingtension,toensurethatthelengthofyarninskeinsiswithinacceptabletolerances.

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D1907–07

APPENDIXES

(NonmandatoryInformation)

X1.MOSTCOMMONYARNNUMBERSYSTEMS

SystemLengthMass

DirectSystems(Massperunitlength),GeneralSymbol:D

EquationATexDenierSpyndle

1000m9000m14400yd

1g1g1lb

D5D5D5

@W~g!31000]

L~m!@W~g!39000]

L~m!@W~lb!314400]

L~yd!IndirectSystems(LengthperUnitMass),GeneralSymbol:I

CottoncountGlassLinenMetricWoolenrunWorstedcount

A840yd100yd300yd1000m1600yd560yd

1lb1lb1lb1kg1lb1lb

I5I5I5I5I5I5

L~yd!Mlb@~!3840]L~yd!@M~lb!3100]L~yd!@M~lb!3300]L~m!@M~g!#L~yd!

@M~lb!31600]L~yd!@M~lb!3560]M=Massofskeins,and,L=Lengthofskeins.

X2.RECOMMENDEDPROCEDURESFORSCOURINGYARNSTOREMOVEFINISH,ANDOTHERNONFIBROUS

MATERIALS

X2.1SummaryofProcedures

X2.1.1Testskeinsarescouredunderconditionsdesignedtoremovealloils,finishes,orothernonfibrousmaterialsthatwillnormallyberemovedduringthewetprocessingoffabricsproducedfromtheyarnbeingtested.Thisconditionisconsid-eredtobereachedwhenasuitablesolventextractionofthescouredyarnshowstheresidualnonfibrousmaterialstobelessthan0.1%.

NOTEX2.1—Careshouldbetakentoensurethatthesolvent(s)useddonotswellordissolvethefiber(s).

X2.2ApparatusandReagents

X2.2.1Kettle—AkettlemadeofcorrosionresistantmaterialsuchasMonel,aluminum,stainlesssteel,orenameledsteel,heatedbyaclosed,gas,orelectric,steamcoilorjacket,equippedwithadrainandsupplyofsoftwater,anddesignedtopermitrinsingbyoverflowing,isrecommended.

NOTEX2.2—Inplaceofthekettle,ahousehold-typeautomaticwashingmachine,orappropriatelysizednoncorrodiblecontainerssuchasglassorstainlesssteelbeakersmaybesubstituted.

X2.2.2RollerWringer,orCentrifugalExtractor.

X2.2.3Bags—Bags,producedwithpolyesterfabricorofsimilarmaterial,thathavebeenpreviouslyscoured,andwhoseweightintheovendriedstateisknown,arerecommended.Eachbagshouldbelargeenoughtopermitfreeaccessofthescoursolutiontoyarnintheskein.X2.2.4AnalyticalBalance—See6.2.

X2.2.5DryingOven,maintainedat10563°C(22165°F).(See6.3).

X2.2.6WeighingCansorBottles—See6.5.

X2.2.7NeutralSoap,orNon-IonicDetergent,orsomeotheremulsifyingagents,asagreeduponbythepurchaserandsupplier.

X2.2.8SoftWater,of10ppmorlesscalciumcarbonatehardness.

X2.3ScourProcedure

X2.3.1Placeoneormoreproperlyidentifiedskeinswhosemassintheovendriedstateisknown,inabag.Immersethebagswithskeinsinthescourbathcontaining0.5g/L(0.07oz/gal)ofsoap,neutraldetergent,orotheremulsifyingagent,

8

D1907–07

andusingabathratioofatleast25timesthemassoftheskeinsbeingscoured.Heatandholdthescourbathcontainingbagsofskeinstobescoured,attheboil,withagitation,for30min.Afterthescour,rinsebyoverflowingwithsoftwaterat7563°C(140to149°F),untilallsurfacescumisremoved,andthewaterinthevesselisclear.

X2.3.2Drainofftheexcesswater,wringtheskeinsdry,andthenrinsetheskeinsthoroughlybyagitatingthemfor10minat7563°C(16765°F).Wringdry,thenrinsetheskeinsoncemore,byagitationfor10min.inafreshbathat60to65°C(140to149°F).Wringdry,andrinseafinaltime,byagitationfor10min.inafreshbathatroomtemperature,thenwringdrytheskeinsafinaltime.ForOption4,airdry,precondition,thenconditionthescouredskeins;forOptions5,6,and7,drytheskeinsbyplacingbagswithskeinsinthedryingoven.

X2.3.3Testtheefficacyoftheboil-offbyextractingsomeboiled-offanddriedyarnwithasolventthatdoesnotdissolve

thefibercontentoftheyarnbeingtested.Iftheamountofextractablematterthusobtainedexceeds0.1%,increasetheseverityofthescouringprocedureby(a)usingahigheramountofthesamesoapordetergent,or(b)usingastrongersoapordetergent,or(c)usinggreateragitationduringtheboil-off,or(d)usingalongertimeofboil-off,or(e)usingadoubleboil-off,asappropriate.

X2.4Procedure—EvaluationbyExtraction

X2.4.1Whenitcanbeshownthatsolventextraction,oranotherscouringproceduregivesthesameresults,thatproce-duremaybeusedforroutinetestingofknownproduction,butshouldnotbesubstitutedfortheabovedescribedboil-offonneworunknownmaterials.Forprocedurestodeterminetheextractablematterinyarns,refertoTestMethodD2257.

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