英语-口语突破技巧

我国外语教学存在严重问题

“外语教学有的地方从小学到大学二年级， 一共是十二年， 但学出来不少是‘半吊子’。中国对外开放，我们的弱点就是对外交际的语言问题。我们要认真研究中国人用什么办法学英语才能取得最好的效果。”

“从某种意义上可以说，普及外语和培养外语人才，改进外语教学方法和提高外语教学水平已经不是一般的教学问题，而是影响我国对外开放方针的更好实施和推动我国经济和社会发展的重大问题。”

──

谨以此书献给我那年仅十岁的可爱女

儿——Betty·张一，自我一九九七年七月辞去公职在偏远的农庄致力于英语和音乐学术研究和实验教学后，她和她母亲的生活便平添了许多孤独和寂寞。

谨以此书向我慈母一样的恩师──著名歌唱艺术家、声乐教育家郭淑珍教授致以最崇高的敬意！没有您的指导就没有《歌唱英语》速成教学法的诞生。没有您的教诲和规劝就没有我人生和事业最辉煌的乐章。

还以此书向我亲爱的母校───南开大学，致以崇高的敬意和感激。母校用她博大精深的胸怀哺育了我。“爱国、敬业，创新、乐群；日新月异，允公允能”的南开精神时刻激励着我为中华的掘起和民族的振兴而奋斗!

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爱 的 宣 言

──祝贺《歌唱英语》VCD出版发行

我不止一次地对亲近我的人们坦白过：我的周身流淌着爱的血脉──除了爱，我一无所有，除了爱，我别无他求。

我爱生我养育我的祖国母亲，尽管我生长在那道德沦丧、人性尽失的“”岁月。要想在那种群魔乱舞、颠倒黑白的人文环境中，让一颗幼小的心灵正常地发育成长无疑比登天还难。多少人变成禽兽，多少人比禽兽还不如！然而，我却奇迹般地幸存下来──带着劫后的创伤，怀着对祖国母亲满腔的挚爱和深深的忧患。我之所以能够象火中之凤凰一般涅槃新生，完全归功于我在当“少年犯”那两年里，几位恩师的点拔和指引，以及粉碎“四人帮”后，我重返课堂的岁月中，每当我处于某个重要的人生关口，命运之神就为我安排了一位指路明灯似的引路人。他们为我付出了人间的真爱，他们就如同漫漫长夜中几颗光芒闪烁的星星！他们是爱与智慧的化身，他们塑造了我心中祖国母亲的象征──神圣、慈爱、智慧、自强不息！所有随时可

以撕去伪装，时刻准备兴风作浪、乘人之危、落井下石的豹狼们，都是祖国母亲的不孝子孙，将会永远遭到她的诅咒和唾弃!

我沐浴着祖国母亲爱的阳光雨露成长，总是希望自己能长出一双强劲的翅膀，托起母亲一起飞翔，去追寻她几千年来不灭的理想！我至今还清晰地记得，九岁那年我生命中的第一位佛门大师对我的教诲──每个人来到这个世界之时，灵魂深处都埋着一颗天赋的种子，“真善美”就是这颗种子的土地和营养。而芸芸众生多为名利奔忙，有多少可以长成参天大树结出累累果实的天赋之种扼杀于“假丑恶”的惊涛骇浪！大师谆谆地告诫我──追寻命运的呼唤，用生命守护那颗金色的种子，并为它浇水施肥直到开花结果！如果天赋之果只够你个人享用，那么你尽可以问心无愧地享受收获的喜悦，如果你是辛勤的耕耘劳作者，那么更多的人将有幸走进你丰收的果园。

“啊！如果苍天有灵，请托梦告诉我，我的天赋之种是什么？”我曾无数次的寻问。果真有一天，一个声音对我说：“你喜欢干什么就干什么吧，别管别人说什么！”“我喜欢读书、写诗、唱歌，但

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我为此却吃尽了苦头！”那个声音对我说：“人生本来就是苦，你喜欢的一样都不要放弃！哪怕你只剩下一口气！”

于是，在我以后至今的三十年里，在滚滚的红尘中，总是不忘在夜深人静之时，凝神静听心灵的呼唤。为了满足那颗金色种子生根发芽的渴望，我付出了人生每一个发育成长阶段所积累的全部能量。当我终于有一天惊奇的发现我那颗金色种子的全部秘密后，我便为它如痴如狂。为了它的成长，我呕心呖血，克服万难，孤注一掷！因为我清楚地知道，即便我最终累倒在那棵可能始终不会开花结果的天赋之树的绿荫下，变成一无所有的穷光蛋时，我周身的血液里依然流淌着对祖国母亲深沉的眷恋，无限的热爱和强烈的忧患！这是谁也无法从我心中剥夺的最可宝贵的财富！而那种自少儿时代就深深烙在心头对祖国母亲深深的同情和忧患，随着时光的流逝日渐沉重！

当我无意中发现有着一个世纪英语教育历史的祖国，站在二十一世纪的大门口时，它的儿女却无法跨进新的世纪──他们略带尴尬而又毫无愧疚地发现自己是英语哑吧！而他们居然是在接受了十几

年的英语教育、掌握了上万个英语词汇、过了英语六级测试之后，却连基本的音标和语调都不会！更有甚者，师大英语专业的毕业生也是如此！这算哪门子教学方法？与骗子和赌棍有什么两样？只有在这种羞耻、恶心、愤怒的时刻，我才惊奇地发现经过三十年的苦心耕耘，我的那棵金色的天赋之种，已经在祖国母亲的呵护下，根深叶茂地开花结果了──《歌唱英语》这门浓缩我三十年追求与努力的崭新的综合性学问，无心插柳地成了我回报祖国母亲的珍贵礼物和彻底清算一个世纪的历史欠帐的有力武器！

作为《歌唱英语》的创始人，我清楚地知道这门崭新的、严谨的综合性学问，不仅能让新世纪的中国人讲一口流利纯正象唱歌一样好听的英语梦想成真，还能让西方人讲一口流利纯正的汉语普通话。它的发展必将为东西方文明的交融与升华搭起一座金色的桥梁。它在学术上所代表的高度与深度，集中体现了中国人的智慧之光，它将照亮整个二十一世纪！话虽如此，我却无心凭借《歌唱英语》为我个人博取多余的名声和无谓的夸耀，因为它的基础

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是国人一个世纪可耻的失败！而这其中也有我的影子。

我一直认为，自己是一个与众不同的人。如果我真的吸引和感动了前来受训的学员，我想，除了《歌唱英语》独特苛刻的训练和意想不到的惊奇效果之外，就是我对他们最热忱的挚爱。我的恩师们曾经以身作则地为我树立起一座座我难以愈越的丰碑──除了传道、授业、解惑，挚爱学生是一个良师最起码的品德。

《歌唱英语》是爱的结晶，它凝聚着我对祖国母亲无私的奉献；凝聚着我对所有爱我的人们啼血的回报；凝聚着我对所有现在和将来的《歌唱英语》的学员殷切的期待和美好的祝愿！祝愿《歌唱英语》把中华有志儿女团结起来，共同清算历史欠帐，甩掉沉重的历史包袱，轻装上阵，为实现民族复兴而奋斗！

我的心中充满了爱，我要在能够把握住的每一个今天把它们毫无保留地奉献出来。因为我实在不能预知明天我将魂归何处；我也实在不能肯定当明天的太阳照样升起的时候，我是否还能再次从梦中醒来。

亲爱的祖国，我的母亲！你三十九岁的儿子历尽艰辛终于为你擦去了一颗挂在你眼角长达一个世纪的泪珠！让你这个最忠诚的儿子亲吻你饱经沧桑而依然美丽多情的脸庞吧！

我的周身流淌着爱的血脉──除了爱，我什么都没有，除了爱，我别无他求！

张量冠 2001年3月5日

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第一章 英语的特性——歌唱性

在谈及英语语言的特性时，一定要涉及到这样一个问题：为什么英语会成为世界通用语？对这个问题无论是专家学者还是普通大众，几乎都认为是英语国家特别是英美两国强大的政治经济文化的发展与扩张所致。其实这只是表面现象，因为历史上强盛过的和中国都有过扩张，为什么俄语和中文未能成为当时的世界性语言呢？日本现在如此的强盛，为什么日语未能成为当今的世界性语言，甚至未能取得与英语同等的国际地位？法国人认为法语是世界上最优美的语言，并为捍卫法语的纯洁不惜要用法律形式拒绝外语词汇和拒绝对法语语言的改良，但法语始终未能成为世界性通用语。显然上述例举的这些国际上经常使用的语言和英语相比，一定会有其不足的一面，使之在长期的语言实践中未能取得头把交椅的地位。所以谈论一种语言为什么能被国际社会普遍接受而成为国际通用语，一定会有其语言本身的特性和魅力。这种特性和魅力随着以它为母语的国家的政治、经济、文化包括军事

力量上的强盛和扩张而在世界范围内流行开来。离开语言本身的特性和魅力去过多地探讨外部因素将会导致片面，而深入探讨和研究语言本身素质将会为我们了解英语语言提供更坚实的基础，同时也为学习这门语言提供了更实际更便捷的方法。这就是“知其然要知其所以然”，即了解事物的根本。“知其然不知其所以然”最终使我们对英语的了解流于了一知半解的“哑巴英语”的尴尬境地。

那么英语语言的特性和魅力或者说英语语言的“个性”是什么呢？这就是它所独有的“歌唱性”。说起“歌唱性”，有必要结合“歌唱”这门专门的学问来叙述。歌唱与唱歌不是一个概念。唱歌是很随便的行为，无论你有没有正确的科学的方法都可以唱，但歌唱是具有规范性的，它要求歌唱者有正确的呼吸方法，声音唱在正确的位置上，共鸣恰到好处等基本的发声技巧。在这些技巧的基础上歌唱，歌声是自然的、婉转流畅的、明亮而有穿透力的、同时又是可以控制的；如行云流水，没有一丝半点的紧张和阻碍。给人以听觉和视觉上的享受，所以称歌唱为“艺术”，有一定造诣的歌手被尊称为“歌

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唱艺术家”。由此说来，英语语言具有“歌唱性”这一艺术素质，可以从以下几个方面来论述：

1. 英语语言在口头表达上有旋律的流畅美，在英语的所有音素中没有任何一个音能在语流中形成肌肉的紧张和气息的阻碍。为保障这个流畅的美感，有一门学科叫《英语语言学》，它对英语的每一个元音在口腔中都有固定的位置要求，即“法定位置”。离开这个“法定位置”发出的音都是错误的发音，错误的发音将破坏英语的这个婉转流畅美。遗憾的是《英语语言学》却没有解决“法定位置”的训练方法。记得我在大学三年级修读这门课程时，曾问讲这门课的张迈增副教授如何才能在“法定位置”上发音，得到的回答是这样的：“这不是《英语语言学》本身能解决的问题。”这使我非常失望，因为在当时我就意识到我们的口语发声和表音存在着严重的问题，无论我们怎么努力地想说得和外国人一样，都无法摆脱这么几个叫人讨厌的困扰：一是“雷声大雨点小”，即开口时声音很大，说着说着声音就没了，或者卡在喉咙里；二是始终作不到语调的流畅和婉转；三是感到嘴巴的负担很重，舌头

不灵，时间长一点，就感到嗓子很累。上述问题严重影响了口语表达的自信心，甚至有学不好口语算了，以后就做文字翻译这样一种自弃的情绪。为解决这些问题，作为一个天生就爱唱歌的歌唱艺术的追求者，我也曾试图引入歌唱技巧，并大胆地在一次口语课上进行实践：当我按照磁带录音原汁原味地复述时，却遭到全班同学和老师的哄堂大笑，他们说太象外国人，中国人说话不这样！虽说老师和同学的讥笑深深地刺激了我，但同时也为我种下了研究英语口语发声技巧的火种。也导致我大学毕业在外交翻译岗位工作十年并取得丰富的英语实践经验和获得歌唱技巧后，毅然辞去公职，以一个自由人的身份，专门从事英语口语和声乐发声技巧的交叉研究。话说回来，上述歌唱的特点，一个最大的感觉就是听说双方都感到语言在表述的过程中，没有任何引起发音器官紧张和阻碍的因素存在，有如流水行云般，给人以舒服愉快之感。这一功能只有英语语言才具备。俄语象意大利语和西班牙语一样有弹舌音，法语和中文都有小舌音，日语的毛病就更多，所以日本民族尽管酷爱唱歌，却出不了有世界影响的歌唱家。中国的情况也是一样，原因虽然

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是多方面的，但母语生硬和缺乏歌唱性加上母语发声的不良习惯也是重要原因。上述例举的弹舌音、小舌音等等，都是口语“歌唱性能”的天敌，无论是从实用还是审美的角度去检验，都会被实践抛在一边。优胜劣汰的原则催生出无“歌唱性”天敌的国际语言，这就是英语。反过来说，有资格被世界选择为国际通用语的语言，应该是具有比较完美的素质才行。这个完美的素质除“歌唱性”外还包括词法、句法、语法相对简单的特点。这些特点已经得到国际社会的公认。

2. 英语语言的“歌唱性”也是由它的音素表音所决定的。上面谈到的《英语语言学》对每个音素规定了“法定位置”是其一,其二是英语元音有长、短音、单、双、三元音和轻、重音，从音的长度和轻重方面对旋律进行了具“歌唱性”的规定。说长则一定要长，说短则一定不能长。这种长短结合，起伏有致的表音法与歌唱中的节奏、速度是一致的。而且为实现英语语言的歌唱性，除了规定了音的长短与轻重，还规定了开口的大小，使得表情丰富化，更具歌唱的审美情趣。这是其它的语言所没有的特征。

3. 英语语言的“歌唱性”与这种语言的“宫廷性”和“贵族性”的历史渊源有关，英国人的祖先是盎格鲁—撒克逊部落，他们是后来的英国上流社会或者说是贵族社会的主流。他们的“宫廷”和“贵族”礼节是十分复杂的，因而英语一开始就是这种礼节的交际工具，“纯正的英语”至今还用“King`s English”来表述。这种礼节性的交际语言使得它一开始就打上了音乐的种种特征的烙印，如流畅婉转、表情丰富等，以显示说话人高贵的身份和教养。反之则被认为是没有身份和教养的表现，而不能被上流社会所接受。有一部英国电影《My Fair Lady》讲的就是一位上流社会的绅士通过改变一位小姐的不纯正的口语发声，最终使其被上流社会接受的喜剧故事。这个例子具有非常重要的现实意义，它向学习英语的人们发出这样一个不容忽视的信息：英语语言社会不接受纯正英语以外的“洋滨泾英语”，并且把它视为没有身份和教养的表现。

4. 纯正的英国英语经过上百年来热情大方情感外露不拘小节的美国人的改造后，不仅没有失去原有的风格和特点，反而在大量地使用卷舌音，最

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大限度地发挥舌头的灵活性后，使英语的“歌唱性”发挥到了极致。由于美国英语特别讲究舌头的灵活性和声音的共鸣，反而给世界范围的美国英语学习者增加了不小的难度。因为绝大多数人的母语中没有卷舌音，或者方言习惯而不会发卷舌音。这种情形在中国南方尤为明显。在我十年的翻译工作中，遇到不少有身份的美国人，他们几乎都持同样一种看法：美国英语是歌唱英语，是需要一定的规范和技巧而不仅仅是能发卷舌音就能学好的。他们对能够象唱歌一样进行英语口语表达的人非常尊重，并且在交往中给予礼遇。相反他们认为不中听的英语则会导致某种程度的不信任甚至歧视。在国际交往中单从外交的角度看，美国人因为瞧不起或听不惯对方所讲的英语而故意使对方损失和难堪的事俯拾皆是。我在大亚湾核电站工作期间，多次遇到过类似的情况。其中有一次与美国通用电器高层谈判时，由于我方一位主管领导坚持不用翻译而使用自己的“洋滨泾英语”，并非对方听不懂，可能是对方感觉不舒服，对方私下竟然说感觉象进了动物园一样！我当时很礼貌地反击说，你若感觉不舒服，可以提醒他嘛！我们的翻译多得很！没想到对方居然说，

从北京到深圳没有遇到让我们感到舒服的翻译！当然你是一个例外，因为懂唱歌，英语说得才好听！为此我要给你一个奖赏。我当时以为是一个小礼品之类的，哪知道他回到美国后，竟然打电话给我，说他已说服了他那位在哈佛大学当教授的妻子，邀请本人去做她的研究生，还提供奖学金！从我多年的亲身经历可以得出这样一个结论：在英语口语技巧上多下工夫是值得的，不仅可以使工作顺利，而且还能赢得尊重。

英语语言的“歌唱性”全部统一在它的51个音标的表音中，和句子的朗读法中。只要能够严格地按照音标的表音法和句子的朗读法的规范训练,就能获得“歌唱性”这一效果。

综上所述，英语语言的“歌唱性”既是这种语言本身的特性，也是社会实践的要求。只是很少有人意识到这一特点，并对此进行系统的研究。

问题之二，为什么中国人讲英语很少有人达到这种要求？首先是国人对英语的“歌唱性”素质缺乏认识和研究，《英语语言学》本身也没有提供解

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决“法定位置”的方法和手段，以至于老师面对疑问时，如上所说：这不是《英语语言学》所能解决的问题。研究证明，这种说法也不为错，应该由一门崭新的学科《英语口语发声学》来解决。第二个原因是国人对音标的学习重视不够。语言由三方面组成，即语音、语法、词汇。语音是根本的、首要的，语法和词汇都是通过语音得到体现的。因此学习外语的过程中，首先学好正确的发音是十分重要的第一步基础，只有学好了发音才能听懂别人的说话，也才能让别人听懂自己说话。只有学好发音，才能把所学的语言材料以正确的形式储存下来。以正确的形式使它通过口语表述重现，从而有效地去掌握语法和单词，提高实际运用的能力。母语学习也是如此。小时候学过的错字如不及时纠正，长大了还会说错而引起笑话。然而我国传统的英语教学因历史条件的，较注重语法和单词，而语音却是非常薄弱，形成了“本末倒置”的奇怪现象。这也是“哑巴英语”产生的历史背景和教学上偏废语音的恶果。以致于现在我国的小学英语教科书完全抛弃了音标教学，到五年级了学生还不知道音标是什么样子。第三是国人母语发声不良习惯带到了英

语语言的学习中，形成了中国式英语这种不伦不类的语言怪胎。说国人母语发声存在不良的习惯，是指汉语发声缺乏科学技巧，表现在过分依赖口腔的前部发音，声带和咽喉部的肌肉总是处于紧张状态，发声器官总体上不是处于和谐的统一状态而是一种挤压和拉扯的状态。这种病态的发声法即使是讲汉语也是费劲和难听的，要么总是冒高调，要么堵在喉咙和鼻腔里，声音缺乏柔和、韧性和穿透力。用这种方法来讲英语更是死路一条。难怪一位美国的语言学家讥讽我们中国人号称有五千年的文明史，但是生理上却没有发育好，这就是用前嘴讲话。英语的歌唱性决定了它必须在口腔的后部发声，完全解除唇齿和舌头的压力，使整个舌头极具伸缩巻弹的灵活性。而传统的声乐技巧在发声靠后的同时并没有强调整个舌头的灵活性的训练，这大概是因为汉语或其它语言没有象英语那样在很多的时候需要先把舌头完全巻起来再完全弹到口外面，发出咬舌音。所以，从《歌唱英语》对舌头功能的重视来看，它的技巧就不能说是声乐技巧的全盘照搬，而只能是对它的借鉴和发展。

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这一点上开始向口腔和鼻腔拐弯和分散。声音在这个“焦点”上再通过张开嘴巴，提起软腭以获得口腔共鸣、鼻腔共鸣后，就形成了一种悦耳的歌唱或说话的声音。这种声音的特点就是流畅、顺当，没有负担、没有阻拦，是有美学和听觉效应的。用这种方法可以很容易、很自由把头脑中的音乐或英语感觉表达出来。相反，错误的发声方法的后果是：无论你心中有多么美好的音乐感觉，也无论你脑子里装有多少英语单词和句子，当你张口想表达它们时，由于气短、喉咙发紧，声音出来不顺畅，甚至卡住了，或者声音位置过于靠前，总在唇齿间说话，使声音脱离了正确的“位置”，造成声带长期处于疲劳拉扯状态，重要的是使口语语音发生扭曲形成错误的表音。以上错误发声对发声器官造成损害甚至会摧毁声音。然而，你怎么知道发声用得不对和受到损害呢？一个简单的证实方法是通过发现不良的发声症候。这些症候是可以看见，可以听出来的，也可以感觉出来。眼见的可包括声带发炎、水肿，声带弯曲或者声带上长东西。这些症候可以通过大夫用喉镜检查、观察到。听觉可感觉的症候包括刺耳的尖叫、长期的慢性发展的沙哑声、音域缩小、

第二章 发声的错误

无论是英语口语还是歌曲演唱，乃至我们用中文日常说话，都存在着正确和错误的方法，都有正确与错误之别。正确的方法或者说技巧只有一个，而错误的方法却存在着差别，严格地讲，这是属于生理方面需要解决的问题。

正确的方法讲究呼吸的深度，声音的位置和共鸣。具体说来就是要用丹田部位也就是小腹部周围的肌肉来控制呼吸。吸气时横膈膜下降，腹肌向外向下扩张，使空气最大限度地吸入肺部，并充满包括下部在内的整个肺叶，这就是深呼吸或叫丹田呼吸法。这种深呼吸由于吸入空气多，为歌唱和流利地口语表达打好了基础。在此基础上让气息吹动喉部的声带，让其作自由震动发出基音，基音在喉部、咽部共鸣，并且把经过了咽喉部的共鸣而初步获得的声音固定在小舌头与后面的喉腔壁之间的“空间”上，这个空间就是声音的“焦点”，是气息所能达到的直线顶点。也就是“气柱子”的顶端。气息在

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不能自如地长篇讲话，声音紧而尖、朦胧不清、粗糙不连贯，并且出现破裂，总是令人听不清楚等。这些症候导致反复地想清嗓子，但又无效，在简单地发声后声音愈加疲劳，在咽部有异物感，伴随发痒、撕裂或火辣辣的感觉；说话必须用力，喉咙发紧，时常分泌黏液，说话过程中喉咙里静脉和主动脉突出地膨胀，等等。

以上正确或错误的发声症候是可以看得见摸得着的。发声正确与否对歌唱的效果是不言自明的。单就英语口语练习者来说，最大的害处并不在于你的声音是否悦耳，而在于错误的发声严重地阻碍你正确地、流利地、顺当地表达头脑中的语言感觉，无论你有都么强烈的表达愿望，也无论你在心里默读得多么漂亮，但难以通过嘴巴这一关。另一个比较容易被人忽视的心理问题就是这种害处会严重影响你的英语口语表达的自信心。那种想说又不敢说，或者开口很大声，说着说着声音就没了，连自己都听不见了的现象，除了发声方法有问题外，就是自信心严重受阻的表现，直接导致“心里明白嘴上就是讲不出来”这样一种令人沮丧的后果。

由此可见，发声错误不仅引发生理上的病变，而且还能诱发心理上的不适，即是对自信心的严重打击。发声错误的危害不可小视。

以上论述是从本人及大家都能体会到的方面，论证发声正确与否给歌唱和口语造成的后果，让我们看看国际上著名的歌唱发声和口语发声问题的专家莫顿·库柏（MORTON COOPER）先生的观点。

库柏先生认为：歌唱发声与口语发音是一个问题的两个方面。它们相互联系相互影响，是唇齿相依的关系。但很少人了解并正视这一点。

歌唱家的语言发音很少有经过专门训练的，时常陷入错误的发声而消极地影响和伤害歌唱的发声，这种重视歌唱忽视口语发音的现象，是没有教养的表现，歌唱家本身还是教师都是如此。

每个人讲话声音中有一个最佳音高，使用得当是最省力而且音响效果最好的。每个人也都有一个习惯使用的口语音高，如果这两个音高相符，这个人也就没有说话方面的问题。但如果他的习惯音高与他的自然或最佳音高低了或者高了，就存在不良发声了。又比如当说话的声音和歌唱发音的音高及

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位置（或者“焦点”）存在较大差别时，说明其中之一或二者都陷入了一种不正常的发声状态。

库柏先生还认为：说话嗓音的声音焦点包括三个主要的共鸣区域：喉咽、鼻咽和口腔，正确的说话声音焦点应包括相互平衡的口腔──鼻腔共鸣并伴随一些喉腔共鸣，如强调喉咙下部的共鸣很容易形成讲话的病态，过分强调口腔或鼻腔共鸣会导致不合审美的声响。

声音的音质由音高、声音焦点、呼吸支持与声带状态所决定的，好的音质可形容为明亮清晰的，自然的如打开的音响。错误的音质则表现沙哑、粗糙刺耳，撒气、漏气的声音和鼻音。正确的呼吸支持应是由身躯中段所控制的，人们一般称之为横膈膜或腹式的呼吸支持。不正确的呼吸支持包括上胸或锁骨的呼吸。歌手们可以为歌唱发声提供最佳的呼吸支持；但绝大多数情况下，只有很少人能把歌唱的良好呼吸运用到说话发声中去。

是什么造成说话发声的错误呢？主要原因之一是发声的心象（IMAGE）即一个人在心中认为自己的声音应是或不应是什么样。如果他的心象观念与

他的发声能力相符，他便会有相应的正确的说话发声，若二者不相符合，那么他的说话发声就不对了。

发声心象（不管你喜欢还是不喜欢自己的声音）是受家庭、朋友、社交关系及社会各种媒介与自我需要和愿望等影响形成的，可以是有意识或无意识的。

错误的或不良的说话发声对生理心理的情绪的影响是很大的，甚至可以影响一个人的个性。最明显的例子就是如果一个人的口语表达吃力或痛苦就不能正确表达头脑中的音乐或语言要素。情绪变得压抑消极，或者根本就不再想去与人交流甚至喜爱孤独。一个歌手会把错误归结于歌唱技巧，甚至怪罪于声乐指导，而不检查自己口语发音的失误对歌唱的消极影响。

治疗发声错误的关键就是改变说话发声。不幸的是一般人通常对嗓音发声出现困难的问题采取姑息的办法。他们用抗菌素、小药丸、发声休息、熏蒸汽、用激素等等，这些都不是最终解决问题的办法。

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库柏先生的观点是他作为国际知名专家在长期的实践中形成的权威性理论，他的宝贵经验对我的研究帮助极大。

到此我们可以这样说，无论是在国外还是国内，无论是最讲究发声技巧的歌手还是普通口语表达者，口语发声技巧被严重地忽视了，甚至可以说是被无情地抛弃了。库柏先生作为美国专家当然是以美国人作为研究的主要对象，它表明歌唱家们的口语发声居然还有那么多的错误，更不用说其他的美国人了。我们中国人必须认识到一般的所谓“外教”根本没有科学发声技巧的常识，但他们能意识到中国人在讲英语时的发声更糟糕，用他们自己的话说就是：“你们这样的说话方式绝对讲不好英语!”但用什么样的方式讲得好英语他们自己也不知道，更不用说在这方面指导和训练学生了。这就解释了为什么外国人始终未能解决中国人的学习问题。可以说不首先解决英语口语发声这一关，几亿中国人想流利地用英语表达自己的思想是非常难以做到的。这就是为什么在经历了一个世纪的英语教学之后，同志作出了重要的指示：“中国人一定要认真研究用什么办法学英语才能取得最好的

效果。”作为一个有较丰富实践经验的外语工作者和一个严肃的研究语言和歌唱技巧方面的学者，我认为，必须把中华各民族兄弟姐妹的口语发声用一定技巧或方法统一起来，在此基础上再进行舌头功能的综合训练，才有可能过渡到英语的学习中去。不进行最基础的发声技巧训练就盲目地追求口语表达，无疑是舍本求末。

最后须要特别指出并期望引起全社会同样高度重视的是： 给我们造成严重伤害带来极大痛苦的鼻炎和咽喉炎以及它们的并发症，一个很重要的原因就是发声的错误造成的，这也是它们难以根治的深层原因。而改正错误的发声养成良好的发声习惯就能彻底地根治它们。

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第三章《歌唱英语》理论和方

第一部分：

1. 歌唱和英语需要正确的发声做基础，而它们又以正确的母语发音为前提。

2. 正确的母语发音需经专门的训练，它是学习英语口语发声技巧的基础。

3. 英语口语发声技巧是初级班英语口语表达能力的基础。而初级英语口语表达能力又是达到习惯性英语口语表达的基础，它们是递增的关系。 4. 无论是母语发声技巧还是英语口语发声技巧，都是由“呼吸，声音的焦点，声音的共鸣和舌头的高度灵活性”四要素组成，统称为《歌唱英语》四要素。

5. 在掌握了“呼吸，声音的焦点，声音的共鸣和舌头的高度灵活性”的技巧后，我们中国人在说英语时，无论是在口型、表情、语气、语调等方面，还是在音色、音量、声音的耐力和声音的穿透力等方面，最大限度地接近科学方法的标准。使我们中国人说出的英语象唱歌一样富有节奏和韵律的美感。要达到如俗话所说的那样：“说的象唱的一样好

听。”而这个标准多数美国人都达不到，就像多数中国人说不了一口标准普通话一样。

6. 发声技巧的解决使人在流利纯正的口语能力的基础上充分解决“发声的心象”这个重要的问题。中国各民族的英语学习者必须把自己“发声的心象”用科学的发声技巧统一在同一个标准上，即《歌唱英语》所要求和规定的发声法。

7. 声音心象的解决，将使人在口语中建立起与标准英语相同的声音的形象，这是解决听力问题最重要的前提条件。

8. 《歌唱英语》所要求和规定的发声法不仅可以解决口语的流利纯正问题而且也是解决听力问题的重要保证。而《歌唱英语》所要求的连接转换和时态综合运用能力的训练将在很高级的程度上彻底解决听、说问题。 第二部分：

在这部分将详细地叙述“歌唱英语四要素”──呼吸，声音的焦点，声音的共鸣和舌头的高度灵活性。这是《歌唱英语》速成教学法理论的根基。

1 呼吸：

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呼吸方法因人而异，但歌唱英语速成教学法所要求的正确的呼吸叫做腹式呼吸法或丹田呼吸法。它的要求是：用嘴巴柔和地将气息吸入，同时横隔膜下降，腹肌随之向下向外扩张后并保持住，使气息更大量更深入地进入整个肺部，下降的横隔膜和扩张的腹肌的力量对气息形成托住之势，称为对气息形成支持。吸气后呼气的过程中，腹肌始终保持对气息的支持力量，但横隔膜随呼气而上升，回复原位并随一口气息呼完又一口气息的进入而再次下降，由于有腹肌的向外向下扩张的支持作用，腾出足够的空间使横膈膜能轻松自如地随气息的呼吸而做相应的升降运动。

大量地深入地吸入气息并不是过分地过多地吸入，而使身体各部分陷入呼吸的运动而僵化。腹式呼吸的最终目的是熟练地建立一种令人舒适自然的正确的“平衡”，这种平衡不仅包括呼与吸而且还包括全身参与发声的各个器官肌肉之间的有机“平衡”，任何僵化紧张都会破坏这种“平衡”。平衡的状态下，发声者自我感觉舒畅自由，听者也是感觉如此，否则双方都很难受和别扭。

建立这种“平衡”，首先在呼吸上要取“中庸之道”，不可过多过深又不可过浅过少，而且呼吸的动作都是在非常“柔和”的状态中进行。

因此腹式呼吸法要求学习者追求并按获得这种“平衡”和“柔和”。由于腹肌的扩张和横膈膜的升降运动会使人有“疲劳”的感觉，但这种“疲劳”只发生在下腹部，唯一发生在腹肌部位，其它任何部分不应发生疲劳。因此，对初学者来说发生在下腹部的“疲劳”或“紧张”的感觉是正常现象。 2

声音的焦点：

如同手电筒里的灯泡，高音喇叭里的发声源一样，歌唱和口语发出的声音中也有一个最佳点，声带基音在这个点上经各个共鸣体的共鸣放大后就成了供人欣赏的歌声或口语声音。这个点就是声音的焦点，也有人把它称为“声音的心”或“声音的位置”。经过仔细推敲和研究，把它规范为“声音的焦点”更科学。因为“声音的心”或“位置”也可以把它理解为气息的下部或声带所在的部位，惟有“焦点”能准确地形象地表述经气息吹动声带后发出的声音及其在共鸣范围内所形成的一个中心点，所以 焦点是在已经发出的“声音”概念中寻

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找，“焦点”是声音共鸣的焦点，是喉咽，鼻咽，口腔三部分共鸣的焦点，因此“焦点”所在的具体位置就只能是在小舌头与咽腔壁之间的空间上。理论上那里就是三个共鸣腔的直线交叉点。

3 声音的共鸣：

从声带发出的基音，在各个共鸣腔得到共振后成为宏亮优美的声音。基音在共鸣腔体内发生的共振，称为声音的共鸣。

在歌唱上，共鸣区主要有胸腔、喉腔、咽腔（包括喉咽腔、口咽腔、鼻咽腔）和口腔。共鸣分上部共鸣和下部共鸣两部分，以口腔的天花板为界，上面以鼻腔为主的共鸣区称为上部共鸣，主要是高音的共鸣区。下面称为下部共鸣区，主要是中、低音的共鸣区。

在英语口语中，声音的共鸣占有很重要的地位，它与声音是否悦耳动听、是否流畅婉转、是否具有穿透力具有直接的关系。但它的重要性长期以来在教学实践中没有得到应有的重视，如同上述的“呼吸和声音的焦点”一样被人们无意地忽视了。因而在英语口语的众多教学法中，完全没有科学的发声训练这一重要的基础内容，舍本求末地追求大

量的对话练习。结果，由于口语表达的生理上的问题没有首先解决，学了大量的东西还是难以转换为口语能力。

4，舌头的高度灵活性：

关于舌头的灵活性，无论是何种发声训练，都没有把它放在重要的位置。因而戏剧演员也好，歌唱演员也好，他们舌头的灵活性只局限于舌头的前端，而其功能 就相应的局限于发巻舌音。但是英语语言由于有咬舌音、翘舌音、大巻舌音等，而且在口语表达中它们经常在同一个句子中出现，于是就需要舌头具备伸缩巻弹的功能。这种功夫与歌唱中的巻舌和弹舌技巧要复杂得多，因为它只需舌的前端灵活性即可。而英语口语中舌头的伸缩巻弹需要整条舌头的参与。

要想获得流利、纯正的英语口语表达能力，只解决上述四方面生理上的问题还是远远不够的，还需解决另一个重要的问题——心理上的问题，这就是多少人梦寐以求的“用英语思维”。只有最终把这个心理的问题解决好，才能进入口语表达的“自由王国”尽管这是所有英语口语训练者和学习者都

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想要尽快进入的理想境界，但到目前为止，还没有任何一种英语教学法能涉及这个问题，更别逞能解决它。而这，正是《歌唱英语》所独具的又一大特色！

要实现用英语思维，必须首先解决时态的综合运用能力和句子的连接转换能力，这个基础上运用科学的技巧和方法练习和巩固这种能力。要达到这一点必须与生活结合起来，与大脑的日常思维活动结合起来，最终实现大脑的思维与英语语言表达的的完美结合。

传统教学法的其中一个最可耻的失误，就是由于忽视了时态综合运用能力的培养，英语学习者学了多年以后还停留在单个句子的水平上，稍微复杂一点的思想就不知所措。而很多虚张声势的所谓英语学习法，也是把单个句子的背诵放在首位，由于发声技巧没有掌握，他们的最低层次的目标都无法实现，因而英语口语能力完全是一句空话。这大概是绝大多数人没有想到的简单道理，难免让外国人耻笑。也难免遭遇一个世纪的彻底失败。

总之，歌唱技巧的训练是为了让歌手从生理上、心理上养成一个正确的发声习惯，这一点人们

不会有所异议。同样，英语口语技巧的训练以及随之而来的时态的综合运用能力也是让人冲破生理心理上种种障碍和束缚，形成一个正确的科学的表达习惯为平时大量积累的书本知识打开一个“火山喷发口”，这一点恐怕不是为很多人能明了的。

有道是：有了正确的理论才会有正确的行动。什么学科的速成教学都离不开与速成这一特点相适应的理论基础，《歌唱英语》速成教学法在全面总结了历史的教训和充分运用成功的经验等基础上发明了正确的理论观点，才产生特别的、科学的训练方法和手段。与人们的智慧和聪明好学的上进心一旦发生最佳结合，就使得看似神秘，困难的歌唱发声和英语口语表达成为能够在三个月内速成不再是什么异想天开的幻想！

英语口语技巧的训练方法简要叙述如下：

根据前述的科学发声的基本理论，歌唱口语技巧主要由气息、声音的焦点、声音的共鸣和舌头的高度灵活性四部分组成。那么训练这四部分的主要的和关键的方法是：

1 练习狗喘气的技巧来获得腹式呼吸。

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2 练习气泡音的技巧来寻找声带的位置。 3 练习呜音的技巧来获得喉咙打开。 4 练习小舌头抬起的技巧来获得声音的焦点和共鸣。

5 练习伸缩弹的技巧来获得舌头的高度灵活性。

口语发声技巧详细的训练科目如下：

01、 腹式呼吸法的练习

02、 打开嘴巴和放平舌头的练习 03、 抬起小舌头的练习 04、 打开喉腔的练习 05、 缩下巴练习

06、 张大口发元音的练习 07、 卷舌和弹舌的练习 08、 气泡音练习 09、 咿音和啊音练习 10、 音标和单词拼读练习 11、 句子练习（分别用气泡音练习

和正常音朗读）

以上练习是基本功训练内容，完成这些基本功练习，将会使学员的英语口语和歌唱达到科学的发声状态；它们同样适用于声音疲劳人群和声音已受损害的人们进行声音的康复与保健。还有一项重要的工作就是：在改变学员业已存在并已成习惯的错误口语发声之前，必须首先要让学员明白其本人的正确的声音是什么样的。具体方法就是：

1． 用哼鸣技巧，并用自如自然的方式说“hello”和“really”，来找出并确定每个学员口语的最佳音高和最佳音域及正确的、平衡的声音焦点。 2． 用整个身躯活动的技巧，可以迅速而直接并且总能找出正确的音高和声音焦点。第一个是让学员站立，双臂在两侧自然下垂，然后指示他从腰部往下弓身，放松，但不要屈膝，同时任双臂在前方自然下垂接近地面，并任头部自然下垂，形成这个姿势时让学员保持发一个哼鸣或发一个特定音，要求学员声音或大些或小些直到出现那个正确的声音。这姿势可以使人松弛，解脱紧张，也可以说是脱掉盔甲，也有助于寻找正确的声音心象。

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3． 由老师指导学员进行哼鸣或保持发一个特定音时，在学员身躯中段以跳音的轻弹方式施加压力，这样可以很好地带出学员真实的声音来。这个技巧也可以让学员在弯腰弓身向下或站立的姿势下进行。

4． 当学员进行哼鸣或保持发特定音时，在学员腰部两侧以快速轻轻的弹跳方式施加压力。也可以在学员站立或弯腰的姿势下进行。

5． 当学员哼鸣时用手柔和而迅速地抚摸其喉头部位的舌骨区。这是在学员站立或坐着时用手来操作的。

上述五种技巧可根据学员的具体情况选用其中的一种或两种。这些技巧的目的是简单地方便地达到打开喉咙区域，使真实自然的声音发出来，使学员本人才了解还存在有另一个声音——自然的声音──不同于他平时习惯的声音的目的。

需要指出的是，上述过程需要在训练有素和经验丰富的发声专家的指导下进行，以达到最大限度的减少和消除对声音的错误使用和滥用所造成的损害，建立起新的声音的心象，然后再通过适当的训练来养成正确的科学的发声习惯。

第四章 《歌唱英语》歌诀

《歌唱英语》的训练方法可以用歌诀的形式表达如下：

第一个月：

口型在外 声音在后， 嘴巴打开 气息深厚， 下巴放松 舌头灵活， 小舌站定 共鸣讲究。 第二个月：

背诵短文三十篇， 科学发声成习惯， 字正腔圆如唱歌，

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叫你闭嘴难上难。 第三个月：

营造个人小环境， 一天到晚说不停， 英汉同时在脑中， 想说哪样由你定。 人生进入新境界， 歌唱英语伴君行！

第五章《歌唱英语》的涵义内容和特色

一、《歌唱英语》的涵义

《歌唱英语》广义上是《英语口语三月通》和《歌唱技巧三月通》两门学问的总称。同时，它也可单独代表一种英语学习方法。作为一门学习英语的方法，它自身还有四个方面的含义： (a). 英语是具有歌唱特征的语言；

(b). 必须用适应其歌唱特性的发声方法才能表现这一特征；

(c). 歌唱的发声方法对气息，声音的位置和声音的共鸣有严格的规范和要求，借鉴它们可以表现英语的歌唱性；

(d). 英语说得象唱歌一样好听、好看。

二、《歌唱英语》的内容包括三个阶段特殊训练： 1． 学习科学的发声方法即歌唱的发声方法，从音标开始，保证将英语的每个音素发在正确的位置，辅以正确的腹式呼吸，寻求理想的声音共鸣使英语的语音达到纯正、流利、好听。在此基础上，把句子而不是单词作为英语学习的最小单位，并且分别用气泡音和正常音，用慢速、正常速度和较快速度反复朗读并消化《新概念英语》第一册以全部内容和第二册前三十课内容，直到真正获得科学的发声

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技巧。在改变旧的发声习惯养成新的发声习惯的过

程中，全面消化所学的内容，彻底摒弃死记硬背和单纯模仿的落后方法。

2． 养成科学发声的习惯，不仅要求英语发声科学化，而且还要求母语发声科学化，并且一定要成为习惯。它可以通过熟读《新概念英语》第二册后66课并能回答课后的问题来获得。在此基础上，进行中外语言对比教学，以避免中文式英语表达，并花大力气训练句子的转换和连接能力各时态综合运用能以彻底解决流利表达思想的能力。

熟练掌握本教材中有关语法、动词、副词与连词、时态的综合运用等内容，并完成其中的作业。有关作业的标准答案将在以后的《歌唱英语》教材中提供给大家。

熟练掌握《英语名言九百句》。也就是说，能用科学的发声技巧背诵这九百句英语名言，以提高英语口语的素质。

3． 发展英语思维，以彻底解决“语言环境”和难以持之以恒地学习等问题。《歌唱英语》发明了独创的“老师引导讲故事”和“营造个人小环境”的训练英语思维的教学方法，从而获得对英语歌唱性、简单性、韵律、美感的深刻体验。它不仅能彻底解决“学习环境”问题，还能帮助进入“用英语思维”的高境界，使英语成为生活中的第二母语。需要在英语上进一步发展的朋友们可以在这个阶段充分发

挥已经掌握的技巧和方法，继续《新概念英语》第三册和第四册的学习。

“自言自语讲英语”，是用所掌握的“气泡音”技巧，运用已经掌握的英语材料和表达能力，把每天的生活、工作、学习内容随时随地用自言自语的方法表达出来。以实践一句十八世纪的著名英语格言：“最好的会话就是自言自语。”这部分训练内容也将在以后发行的《歌唱英语》VCD教学视盘中向大家介绍。

精读《歌唱英语描写总汇》和《歌唱英语口语和俚语词汇》。

所以，不难看出《歌唱英语》只是一个科学的学习方法，它将引导你如何在完整全面地消化和掌握《新概念英语》前两册的基础上发展你的英语思维能力，并且把口语表达与听力理解能力放在第一位。这与传统意义上的学习概念和学习方法是完全不同的两回事。比方说，有的人看见我的受训学员还在读《新概念英语》第一册和第二册，就不屑一顾地说，我都学了好几遍了！可真让他去读其中的那怕是一句话，他都不能胜任。这就是形式主义、一知半解甚至不知不解。似乎他们什么教材都学习过了，但是否真正过关，即把书本上的知识转化为自己的能力，却是天方夜谭！这里面虽然主要是一个学习方法的问题，但不可否认也有一个学习心态是否正常的问题。

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三、歌唱英语的特色

作为全面总结传统教学方法失败和寻求语言学习规律的崭新理论与方法，《歌唱英语》有如下的重要特征：

1． 强调英语口语的发声技巧。目的是要把全中国各民族兄弟姐妹的口语发声统一到科学发声的技巧上来，这不仅有利于英语学习，也有利于汉语普通话的推广，同时，将会从根本上解除鼻腔和咽喉部的炎症，打破鼻炎和咽喉炎难以治愈的传统观念。 2． 极其重视英语音标的学习并把它作为英语学习的第一基础。以彻底打破传统教学轻视和忽略音标而引发的恶性循环。但音标的发音准确性有赖于发声技巧的掌握。缺乏发声技巧不仅不能有效地掌握音标的准确发音，甚至会出现完全错误的音标发音，这是产生“哑巴英语”的生理原因。 3． 极其重视单词拼读和句子朗读法，并把句子作为英语学习的最小单位，以避免死记硬背单词。而单词的正确拼读有赖于音标的正确发音。句子的正确朗读又以单词的正确拼读和歌唱发声技巧的在口语中的运用为基础。而歌唱技巧运用于音标学习、单词拼读与之运用于句子朗读中并不是同一个概念，它们有不同的要求。

4． 极其重视句子之间的连接与转换和时态的综合运用能力，这是提高语言运用能力的首要保证。也是传统教学法的薄弱环节。它是在解决了句子的朗读法之后的一个至关重要的问题。 5． 极其重视中外语言对比教学以区分中外语言的异同，为正确的英语表达和发展英语思维作准备。 6． 极其重视培养英语思维并把英语思维定位为能用正确的英语流利纯正地表达自己思想和感情。 7． 发明了极其有效的英语思维的训练方法。 8． 英语学习不再是“单调、枯燥、长期的、艰难的苦差事”，它将是和学习者自身素质挖掘与提升紧密相连，培养艺术家气质与风度的完美实践。

四、关于《新概念英语》

选择《新概念英语》作为应用教材也是《歌唱英语》的一大特色。为什么我会选择《新概念英语》作为《歌唱英语》的应用教材呢？在三年的研究中，我比较过好几种市面上比较流行的英语教材，最终选定了《新概念英语》。一是它的权威性，二是它的编排形式非常符合《歌唱英语》的需要，无论是它的实质内容还是句子的发音安排都符合《歌唱英语》对发声训练的要求。比方说，同一单词甚至同一元音在同一句子、同一课文中反复出现，而且有大量的复习编排，并且它的每个句子都极具歌唱性。它有意无意中似乎是专门为《歌唱英语》而编排的，这种教材内容与《歌唱英语》所规定学习方法的默契似乎暗示了两个巨人的不期而遇，这一点连我本人也暗自惊喜。我读大学时就是首先学的这套教材，现在重新审定它时，发现它又随时代的发展有了许多改进。尤其是与美国英语的表达习惯靠近了许多，使得英语语言的传统性与其发展和变化需求得到了

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较好的统一。第二册课文对语言的连接转换能力的

要求非常符合《歌唱英语》的规范。中国的英语学习者，专业的非专业的，都可以依靠这套教材通过《歌唱英语》的训练方法去获得英语学习的成功！

的过程的同时进行的，也就是所谓的“一气呵成”的。脱离深呼吸，单独追求它们就变成了机械运动，是不可能获得整体功能的训练的。 二、 《歌唱英语》强调后嘴的功能，它要求小舌头

所在的那一圈肌肉，有抬起和站定的功能。只有它的功能建立起来，才能真正地前嘴唇齿间的压力。

三、 关于前嘴不动用后嘴发声的问题，很多受训学

员对“前嘴不动”存在误解，表现在嘴巴不能恰到好处地有效地、正确的、自然地配合后嘴的运动而运动，需要指出的是，前嘴不是不动，而是受制于后嘴的运动的。也就是“后嘴运动为主，前嘴运动为辅”。学员的误解造成了这么一种不好的结果，前嘴唇齿的压力相对解除了许多，但由于和后嘴的运动没有实现有效结合而造成了新的僵化和紧张。这种僵化和紧张的一个直接的后果就是影响到口腔的有效地打开和舌头的伸缩巻弹的灵活性以及声音在口腔里的共鸣。

四、 关于舌头的灵活性。很多受训学员都理解为舌

头前半部的巻弹功能，结果舌尖在口腔里失去

第六章 获得科学发声技巧的主要障碍

由于国人的口语发声错误由来已久且根深蒂固，即使是十几岁的孩子，由于受家庭和社会的不良影响，错误的“声音的心象”早已建立，要改正它们绝非一日之功。更不用说年纪更大些的人们了。不经过专门的、积极的训练和指导是很难建立起正确的声音的心象，继而获得科学的口语发声技巧的。本人根据实验教学和现在正在进行的社会培训总结出如下几个主要的学习障碍，供大家在学习中有意识地加以重视，并按照《歌唱英语》远程教学VCD有关科学发声的规范要求严格训练，掌握它们也就不是一件十分困难的事情。

一、 腹式呼吸的问题，也就是深呼吸的问题。它们

是获得科学发声技巧的第一基本功。无论是下面要求打开口腔、放平舌头，抬起小舌头，还是打开喉咙，放松声带，都是在伴随着深呼吸

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了控制，发什么音都巻在那里。解决舌头的灵活性还有赖于舌根部的放松，而舌根部的放松又完全依赖喉咙的打开。同时对“舌头灵活性”的理解应该为：舌根完全放松，整个舌头具有伸缩卷弹的功能，舌尖极具颤动的功能。 五、 关于小舌站定。小舌能否站定或抬起，是决定

声音能否走进喉部进入焦点位置的关键。同时也是能否发准英语语音的关键。也是能否流利纯正地进行口语表达的关键。

六、 关于声音的焦点。它不是靠有意寻找去获得

的，只要作到了气息深厚、喉咙打开、声带放松、小舌抬起、舌头灵活、前嘴压力相对解除，声音就会自然地小舌后面形成共鸣焦点。

以上六个方面是大家在练习口语发声技巧中将会遇到的主要障碍。请大家在学习过程中不耻下问，主动与我们联系并参加我们的免费培训课程，以便大家打下一个坚实的基础。

第七章 关于我国传统英语教学改革

关于英语教学改革这一话题，并非始于现在，也并非始于某一个人。对外开放以来，只要涉及英语的刊物上，都会有关于英语教学方法的各种说法，但说得最多的并不是关于口语的教学改革，即使是针对口语的，绝大多数振振有辞的观点也无非是强调多听、多说以及如何创造一个有利于多听多说的环境或情景。由此派生出的唱英语歌、演英语小品和戏曲等补充方法。这么多年过去了，效果如何，大家都心知肚明。

我一直都认为，我国的英语教学水平决不是少数的极具外语天赋的高材生和由他们组成的少数职业翻译所能支撑的，“万马齐喑”的状况才真正体现了我们教学方法和教学水平的低下。说起“职业翻译”，我想起一个真实的例子：我的老家湖北随州市三、四年前与澳大利亚匹力港市互建友好城市。双方代表团都进行了互访，吃喝玩乐够了以后才发觉双方连基本的合作细节都没有搞清楚。而陪

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同翻译是湖北省外办的职业翻译。最后只好又把对方的一位副请到广州，又突然想起了我这个所谓的职业翻译，交谈之后我才发现对方的法律禁止一种叫“鸸鸟”产的蛋出口中国，可随州方面却早已为引进这种蛋作好了一切准备；并且还让对方参观考察过。最终这个计划引进的合作项目不可避免地流产了。我们在付出代价的同时，还让友人临别时送给我这么一句话：“光是你们的总会讲英语还不行，中国多一些人会讲英语，对大家都有好处。”2000年10月10日《北京青年表》发表了“学10年还是哑巴──大学英语遭遇尴尬”的文章（作者陈焱），该文引用了一个研究生的英语伤心的经历：“学了12年英语还是不敢开口讲。提起英语就感到惭愧，四、六级和研究生英语考试我都通过了。学英语大家都最下功夫，但也最伤心。12年英语课都有是一个模式：老师细细地讲语法、词法，大家认真记笔记，课下拼命作课找规律，标准化试题让人有机可乘。学了十二年英语，划了十二叉。”该文认为，有人把现在的英语教学比作是一壶烧了十几年还没烧开的温水。可我却认为，根本就谈不上是一壶温水，完全就没有烧到这把壶上去！这壶水

至令还是冷的。就象千百万英语“哑巴”的心一样热不起来！

为什么这样说呢？因为我们根本不懂怎样去教！或者我们一直就没有花功夫去研究英语语言的科学性及其相应的教学方法，只是象对待母语教学一样，走语法第一的老路子。因此，也就毫不关心众多学了十几年英语仍然不敢开口即“英语哑巴”们为什么成了“哑巴”的根本原因。没有人关心一下是不是口语发声有问题？使得他们不敢开口讲？得出这样一种结论一直叫我很苦恼：我国英语专业的语言学方向的研究生年年都有招那么多，都干啥去了？《英语语言学》的研究成果在哪里？如果顺着这根藤去追根求源，恐怕我又要得罪不少人──我们的英语方面的研究生教育也是失败的！为学位而混三年！

还是先从专家、学者们的说法中去寻找真正的答案吧！《北京青年报》的陈焱在文章中还提出，而对外语教学的现状，从事教学工作的专家、学者纷纷呼吁：让语言真正活起来。对于此我不仅要问：怎么活？活在哪里？活是什么意思？这几个问题不解决，岂不是等于白呼吁了？

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从事了50年英语教学工作的中国人民大学外语系的一位研究导师认为，英语教学有自己的特殊性，用统一的教材、统一的考试针对不同层次的学生，这样不合理也不科学，英语教学的目标是要教会学生使用语言的能力，而教材编写又受大纲所附词汇表的。这位导师还指出，由于英语和汉语不是同一个语系，导致我们英语有障碍，同时也由于我们自身语言环境及办学条件各不相同，大学英语课时少任务重，想把几百万学生的英语水平加温、烧开并不容易。这位导师的观点决不是一家之方，它反映了当前外语教育界的一种普遍心态──推卸责任、强调客观！从来没有从“应该怎么做”这一点去阐述问题，造成无的放矢。 同样，针对这位导师的观点，我又要问几个问题：

1、 承认教法落伍，那么不落伍的教学法是什么？ 2、 教材陈旧，是不是陈旧到学生讲不出口的地

步？

3、 教师水平和是不是凭空产生的？

4、英语教学的特殊性在哪里？合理的、科学的教学是什么？不用的统一的教材和考试就能摆脱“哑巴英语”吗？

5、同一语系的就容易学吗？有障碍就到了说不出口的地步了吗？

6、语言环境是什么？是不是要把我们的大学搬到美国去？

事实上，稍具常识的人都应该明白上述问题归根结底集中在一个问题上：为什么学英语？或者说学英语为什么？解决了学习的目的，才能在理想与现实之间寻求一条相对便捷的道路。才能有效地解决上述研究生的那个可怜可叹的“不敢开口讲”的问题。而之所以不敢开口讲，无非是两个方面的原因：一是生理问题，即发声方法问题；二是心理问题，即自觉学得不到家，要么开口就错，要么结结巴巴。自以为记了很多单词和语法，说话就没问题了。事实上根本就不是一回事!可我们的教学就是这么个思想：把语法多学点儿，单词多记点儿，至于会不会读，读得对不对没有关系，谁长嘴不会说话呀!长的有耳朵，多听多模仿啊!完全不顾英语语言在发声及口语表达方面的技巧方面的区别。所以学

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习目的的明确是第一重要的，它是发明相应学习方法的基础。打个比方，如果我们去登山是为了欣赏峰顶迷人的美景，那我们肯定会选择坐索道而不是爬山，因为目的很明确嘛。学英语也一样，由于我们首先没有解决“目的”这个问题，我们就陷入了为学而学，为教而教的形而上学的应试教育的陷阱里。而可怕的是没人明白这一点!也就是因为目的性不明确，我们就不下功夫从研究英语的特性入手去寻求适合国人学习的理想的学习方法，没有一个理想的学习方法来指导学习，我们就更加迷失学习的目的，这种恶性循环形成了一个怪圈，从事英语教学的人都在这个怪圈里打转！搞到现在学习者丧失信心，教育者象无头苍蝇四处寻找客观理由为自己开脱责任，唯独没有静下心来想想真正的出路何在！这不是中国真正知识分子有良知的表现，是很可耻的行为。当然，历经折腾和折磨的中国知识分子，有这样的表现是不足为奇的，但仍然是不能被历史和后代原谅的!

那么，我们学习英语的目的究竟是什么呢？让我们看看别人怎么说的----英国著名作家毛姆说：关于学习语言，我有我自己的看法。我认为只要学

到让我们流利阅读、自由谈论日常生活就是足够了。研究更多的语言知识，简直是浪费时间。毛姆的见解是针对语言而发的，但这对包括英语专业的学生在内的所有学习外语的人都是具有指导意义的。除非你想深入研究语言和文学。

我们学习母语的情况也证明了毛姆的正确。我们极大多数国人只要通过了义务教育阶段的学习，就能达到用母语流利阅读、自由谈论。毛姆对语言学习的观点与本人不谋而合。很显然，对绝大多数人来说，学习英语就是要达到流利阅读、自由交谈这一主要目的。其余的写呀、译呀都是这一目的的附加产品。那么达到这一主要目的的手段应该是什么呢？或者说怎样才能达到这一个主要目的呢？本人的学术研究证明，要经过五个阶段的学习和训练：

第一阶段：

对所有的初学者来说，应该遵循：音标──拼读单词──朗读简单的与汉语结构一样的简单句子──朗读由许多简单的与汉语结构一样的简单句子组成的短文──过渡到分析与汉语结构不同的简单句子──过渡到朗读由许多与汉语结构相同和不同

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的简单句子组成的短文中。使初学者从一开始就树立对中外语言的差异性的感性认识，使之在以后的学习中能自觉地去分析和归纳这种差异，最终使之上升为理性认识。目的是为了避免“Chinglish”。在这个阶段，除了强调中外语言的比较，使初学者从一开始就树立“差异”性之外，还有一个同样至关重要的问题就是发音的准确性。这就是说，一定要用科学的发声方法把每一个音素都发在口腔里正确的位置，同时辅以正确的呼吸来获得理想的共鸣，使发出的音既准确又纯正。让学生建立正确的声音的心象，即与标准英语相同的声音的形象。以彻底解决听力问题。对此，本人在《歌唱英语》速成教学法中有详细的说明。上述要求也是本人创立的《英语口语发声学》的主要内容和灵魂所在。本来，科学发声应该是对包括口语、演讲、播音、影视、歌唱等所有需要开口发声的领域的基本要求。遗憾的是国人对在母语口语方面要求科学发声似乎闻所未闻，对讲外语要求科学发声更是耸人听闻。而事实却是，无论我们学生听的磁带，看的电影电视或新闻，其中的英语大多都是经科学发声而读出的样板。对学习者来说离开科学发声去模仿，无异于缘木求

鱼或竹蓝打水。记得还是在大亚湾核电站利用业余时间教法国人、美国人学汉语时，我就有意识地利用科学发声理论来指导他们的学习，结果他们说的普通话比我们有些国人都说得好听！科学发声在英语口语中的要求是：从音标入手──拼读单词──朗读句子──朗读和背诵课文──口语交谈。这是一个循序渐进的过程。

关于在口语中要求和强调科学发声问题在世界范围内已越来越受到重视。新加坡资政李光耀在去年的某个时候，就曾对新加坡华人的“中不中西不西”、“说得难听死了的”、“国人听不懂，外人不明白”的“新加坡英语”提出过严历批评，并要求国人改正以维护其国际形象。李光耀先生把汉语看作是文化语言，而英语却是交际语言。交际语言的首要功能就是好听、好看。是身份和素质的直接表现。这一点我在英语的“歌唱性”中有专门的论述。

第二个阶段：

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在初学者已有了大量的单词和基本句子并掌握了科学发声后，开始发展听力训练。听力训练的内容也要根据第一阶段的基础来科学地设计。让初学者感到这些句子不仅自己能读能说，而且别人说出来我也能听懂。更重要的是自己也能读得说得像磁带上的声音一样好听。

上述两个阶段应该是基础教育阶段的任务，它将使中学生从过重的语法学习中出来，并能保证他们学多少说多少并且听懂多少，日常会话就基本没有什么问题了。这也从本质上符合素质教育的要求。因为科学发声是最基本的素质体现。

第三阶段：

语法和句子分析阶段。德国哲学家赫尔德说过：必须从语言中学习语法，而不是从语法中学习语言。英格兰诗人斯宾塞也说：因为语法是在语言之后形成的，所以应该受教于语言之后。在初学者有了一定量的单词和句子及其运用能力之后学习语法和句法即是进一步深入学习的需要，也是前两个阶段“知其然，要知所以然”的必然，而可怕的现实却是我们的中学生连基本的音标都不会读！这一阶段同样

需要在中外语言比较研究的基础上进行，找出每一表达的异同。恩格斯说过：只有通过与外语比较才能深刻理解自己的母语。歌德也说：一个不懂得外语的人绝不会了解自己的母语。前人的教诲无非是在强调母语与外语的差异，及其比较研究对两者学习的重要性。我们没有理由不从前人的经验中学习。文学中有比较文学研究，语言也应该有比较语言研究。何况文学不能脱离语言而存在。对中外语言的比较如前所述，主要是为了避免“中文式英语”，并为说一口流利的纯正的英语打好基础，也为写一篇象样的带点美感的英语文章打好基础。初学者在经历这一阶段的训练后，将会比较自觉地在语言实践中运用学到的东西，而不会先想汉语再去翻译成对应的英语。这又为发展英语思维打下了基础。由此足见中外语言比较的重要性。而时态的学习及其综合运用能力，既是中外语言对比教学的手段，也是它的必然结果。具备了这个能力为实现英语思维打下坚实的基础。

第四阶段：

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可以要求学生广泛地阅读英文长短篇小说以提高词汇量和体会英语的“韵律和美感”，拒绝短文式英语材料。因为小说中人物情节丰富，与生活贴近，容易学习活的语言──即生活中的语言。在广泛阅读的同时多看英文电影电视作品，拒绝孤立的情景对话听力材料，同样因为影视作品贴近生活，口语量大给人以视、听和想像力方面的享受。这也可以算作对“如何才能让语言活起来”的简单回答。在这一阶段还有一个重要的任务就是，要特别培养时态的综合运用能力，它是流利的口语表达的重要保证。

第五阶段：

营造外语语言环境。想必不少的人听过这么一个故事：某人被长期监禁在单人牢房，由于失去了交流，听力和口语能力不断下降，为此他天天跟自己对话，终于保住了听力和口语能力。英国批评家、散文家、画家哈兹里特说过这么一句话：最好的会话就是自言自语。因此，即使是我过去在大亚湾核电站那样好的英语环境中，我也一刻没有放弃“自言自语”说英语，以至于晚上作梦中还在搞英语对

话，而且说得绝对正确。在我辞职后隐居独行的三年多里，也是这一方法让我找不到所谓环境不好的理由。不错，“环境”是重要的，它是学好外语的条件之一，但我们现在包括专家学者在内的人谈论“环境”时，从来都没有想到去动脑筋创造这一环境。反而总是在寻找籍口、推卸责任、满足现状、空喊口号。这已成了当前我国外语教育界的通病。我认为外语教学改革只能从教育者自身作起。任何人帮不了这个忙！也别指望有其他什么灵丹妙药能挽救奄奄一息的外语教育。有人天真地认为应该多请外教，但我认识的一位德国著名汉学家曾说：西方人学汉语从来就不是中国人去教会的，是我们西方人自已！同样你们中国人想学好英语或其他语言一样离不开中国人自己的努力。外国人解决不了你们的问题！充其量为你们作个样子！这跟看电视没什么区别。相反，看电视还能听到纯正的英语，外教却不一定！因为科学发声是全球性问题。其中的哲理值得深思和玩味！

上述学习英语的五个阶段是循序渐进的，每个阶段都有自己特殊的任务和要求，每一阶段的深入研讨都可以产生无数的教育家来，都可以派生出经

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得起考验的理论与方法。最终目的是为了让人达到“流利地阅读、自由地交谈”这一主要目的。达到了这一主要目的，什么听、写、译都是不值一提的问题。它们将会在实现主要目的的过程中，得到完美解决。这与流行了多少年的“听说读写译”这一老皇历，应该说是完全不同的新观点。它也是《歌唱英语》的理论与方法。即：从科学发声入手──经过中外语言的对比研究──发展英语思维这一科学的教学模式。这一模式不仅提出英语的特征──歌唱性、简单性、韵律和美感等经语言比较研究后而得出崭新内容，而且还提出了“以流利阅读和自由交谈”为英语学习的主要目的这一崭新学术观点，以及为实现这一主要目的而必须采用的教学方法。作为一个科学的教学模式，必将经受住实践的考验，并在实践中不断地丰富和发展，为彻底摆脱“哑巴英语”状况，为改革我国落后的英语教学方法提高教学水平发挥应的的作用。同时，在此我还呼吁全国的外语教育工作者，不要再用“应试教育”等客观因素，为自己的安于现状、不思进取去寻找籍口和台阶。应该认识到只有大家都行动起来，拿出过硬的改革办法，而不是强调客观、推卸责任，才能

推动“应试教育”的改革。整天空喊改革于事无补。更不必在现行落后的、已经证明是行不通的教学模式中修修补补！拿出一点精神来，在打破传统的基础上做点文章吧! 别忘了---“特立独行”是真正知识分子的气质和风度，“标新立异”更是真正知识分子的精神和气节。这也是知识分子最可宝贵之处。我把它们比作真正知识分子的“两条腿”，没有它们就寸步难行！如果说经历了历次政治浩劫，除了一只吓破了的胆什么都没剩下的那一辈已无可救药；死不忏悔的红卫兵们又是不学无术、厚颜无耻(而血债累累的红卫兵们很多现在却玩笑般的成了“社会的栋梁”)；独生子女又因皇帝心态而无可指望的话，那么二十世纪八、九十年代的几代大学生是可以大有作为的。这几代大学生真正肩负着承先启后的历史使命。我真诚地希望和这几代中的社会精英一起勇敢地担负起民族复兴的伟大责任。创新！创新！再创新！把一切都豁出去！把良心和忠诚留下来！为后来人作出榜样！这样，唯有这样，我们的祖国才能跨过至今还散发着血腥味的红卫兵的僵尸。我们的祖国才会真正迎来扬眉吐气的那一天！

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(本文曾发表于中华网教育频道和中国中小学教育教学网教师频道)

（B） 一本很好的英语字典。 （C） 一本释义清楚的语法书。 （D） 一本简易可携带式字典。

3、 你认为下述看法是对是错？

（A） 多读带俚语词汇的杂志是个好主意。 （B） 我必须极力避免出现错误。 （C） 我必须记录下每一个遇到的生词。 （D） 多看美国电影对我学习有帮助。 （E） 要想把口语说好我必须精通语法。 （F） 和母语不是英语的人进行英语交流也是有用处的。

4、 说一口流利纯正的英语的第一步是什么？ （A）多听、多读、多模仿录音。 （B）多记单词和语法。

（C）寻求一个能经常交流的环境。

（D）用喊叫、唱歌、演讲等方式来利激自己的自信心。

（E）学习标准英语口语的发声方法和表达方法是最重要的第一步。

第八章 口语突破的基本要求

首先你必须清楚自己是不是个好学生。或者说，自己是不是个合格的英语学习者吗？

要判断自己是不是一个合格的英语学习者，只需回答如下六个方面的问题便知答案了。

1、 你是如何分配英语学习时间的？ （A） 每天学一点儿。

（B） 每周学一次，每次学习量较大。 （C） 每天都学很多。

（D） 每周学一次，每次量不大。

2、 你手头边儿都有些什么样的字典。 （A） 一本很好的英汉双语字典。

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5、 你对学好英语抱什么态度？ （A） 学好英语是件很容易的事。 （B） 学好英语是一件很困难的事。 （C） 学好英语是一件长期的艰苦的事。

6．你怎么看待英语教与学的关系？ （A）能否学好英语完全是老师的事。 （B）能否学好英语跟老师没多大关系。 （C）学了多年却连音标都不会，完全怪老师。 （D）“哑巴英语”是教与学两方面的失误结下的苦果。

现在请你参照标准答案给自己打分，答对1题得1分，答错0分。第一题的正确答案是（A）和（C）；第二题的正确答案是（A）（B）（C）；第三题（D）（F）是正确的选择；第四题的正确答案是（D）；第五题的正确答案是（A）；第六题的正确答案是（D）。如果你的最后得分是6分，那么恭喜你是一个合格的英语学习者，你极有希望成为英语学习的成功者。6分以下的全部为不合格者。不合格者将不可避免地在英语学习中走弯路，甚至走入“哑巴英语”的歧途而成为不良学习方法的牺牲品。需要提示的是，

在英语学习者中，只有合格与不合格之分，5分与0分是没有任何差别的不合格者。因为丢失任何一分都将是致命的错误。

第九章

口语法则

对于一个把英语作为第二语言来学习的中国人来说，千万不要以为不犯语法错误才是语言学得好的标志。即使是以英语为母语的人士也不可能做到这一点，这是因为英语语法相对中文来说，区分及其表达方式更细腻、更规范，难免会在口语表达时出些差错。因而语法不应该成为我们谨小慎微，甚至是提心吊胆的绊脚石。对于中国人来说，这样一个道理是至关重要的——这就是合情合理地、流利地、纯正地用英语表达自己的思想和情感才是我们的追求。在这个追求中犯些语法句法上的错误是不会被人笑话的，相反即使你的语法毫无差错。但说起来嗑嗑吧吧、前言不搭后语才最叫人感到头痛和要命，也是会被人小瞧的。因此——

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首先,永远不要担心和害怕出现语法错误，尽量充分地表达自己的思想。即使你说出：I was going to do it tomorrow.听者也会明白你的意思并理解你的语法错误.如你是英语哑吧，除了干着急，别人从你那儿什么也得不到，你也会因此损失更多。

其次，永远不要心情紧张。在开口说话之前，要保持一个平静、但又是积极的心理和精神状态。这就是《歌唱英语》所要求的“内紧外松”式的歌唱艺术状态。这一理想状态的方法可以通过《歌唱英语》第一个月的科学发声训练和指导来获得。具体就是，深呼吸──共鸣腔体开放、舌头灵活自如、表情自然放松──声音宏亮流利。

再次，永远不要忘记英语作为交际语言的首要功能──有礼、有序。有礼就是面带微笑，开口互致问候，最好能就对方的气色，穿着，甚至天气来几句恰如其分地赞美和谈论，以创造一个适宜交谈下去的氛围。同时也充分地表现出你驾驶语言和心情的能力。有序就是说话切忌颠三倒四，尤其是英语，语言前后的关联及其逻辑性都非常强。正如我

在给《歌唱英语》受训学员讲课时所强调的“剥洋葱法”──即层层推进直指中心主题，很象我们中国人的说明文和论说文之类的体裁。即使是简单的几句话也是如此。

最后，尽量少用because，so, then之类的连接词作为开始，最好直接进入交流的主题句子。这样才能使说话显得从容，愉快而避免问答式的机械。当然，在结束说话时，永远别忘说些感谢和期待及其评价一类的凸显身份与教养的话语。比如，“今天的交流让人感到非常愉快；我期待着与你再次相见”等等。

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第十章 英语国际音标

学习英语无疑是从学习英语字母和国际音标开始的。英语字母共有26个：

A [] B [] C [] D [] E [] F [] G [] H [] I [] J [] K [] L [] M [] N [] O [] P [] Q [] R []

S [] T [] U [] V [] W [] X []

Y [] Z []

国际音标表现在美语有51个。其中元音23个，半元音2个，辅音26个。23个元音中有12个(六组)单元音、9个双元音，除此之外还有两个三元音。下面是51个国际音标的排列表。 单元音:

[][][][][][] [][]

[][][][] 复合元音:

[][][][]

[][][]

[][] 三元音:

[][] 半元音: 

[][]

辅音:

[][][][][][][][][][] [][] [][]

[][][]

[][][]

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[][][][

][][]

英语国际音标的地位在我国一个世纪的英语教学中没有得到应有的重视，甚至可以说是被严重地忽视了。具体表现为：一是音标的排列顺序有问题，以为全部可以按音的长短来排列，这从[] []的被长期看作是一对就可以看出问题所在。二是忽略了三合元音和美语中最有代表性的[]。三是音标的正确表音有问题，而且问题还非常严重，甚至和汉语拼音混淆在一起，令人哭笑不得。比方说[] []这一对元音很多人因为发声技巧的问题没有解决而发成双元音[]，即使是英语专业的毕业生也会犯这种错误。解决的办法只有改变发声方法这一条路！三是从来没有老师在教学之初能把英语音标教清楚的，有的甚至干脆就不教。正规的小学英语教科书也干脆把音标省掉了事。于是英语表音群魔乱舞、千奇百怪、乌烟瘴气！最令人恶心的是把“医生”和“女儿”竟读成一样!

《歌唱英语》的研究成果表明：要想学好国际音标，必须从两个方面入手。第一，必须充分认识到英语国际音标的表音方法与国人已经习惯的错误的汉语口语表达法是完全不同的两回事。不要以为有嘴就会说话，还存在一个说得对不对、好不好的问题。也就是说，想当然地以为随随便便地用象形文字的表字和表句法去套洋文的表音法是非常浅薄和愚蠢的，何况国人的母语口语表音方法是不科学的。而用不科学的汉语表达法讲英语正是国人遭遇一个世纪的可耻失败的重要原因。第二，必须用科学发声法即歌唱发声技巧才能适应英语口语的流畅和韵律美，也就是英语的歌唱性。一字一蹦的汉语表达法是英语口语的“天敌”，在唇齿间说话的汉语错误表音法更是与之水火不容！

如何才能学好国际音标，《歌唱英语》VCD教学光盘已经向大家作了全面的介绍。但下面的内容也是初学者不容忽视的：

1． 音节是英语发音的最基本单位。一个单词有几个元

音就有几个音节。口语发音必须注意把每个音节都发清楚，不能发生含混不清和“吃音节现象”。

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2． 重音问题。每个双音节及以上的单词都有一个重音。

它是英语歌唱性的重要表现。初学者很容易发生读错重音的现象。比如operator, refrigerator, interesting等等是很多人一生都在重复的错误。 3． 单词尾音的问题。以l、le、m、n结尾的单词很多，

但佷多人都不能正确地表达它们。要么把l、le读成er，要么把m和n吃掉不读。这是一个非常严重的问题，是国人语言素养极差的一个标志。 4． 单词结尾收音问题。佷多人在初学时会发生单词结

尾收音收不住的问题。尤其是以辅音收尾的单词，往往会加上一个元音［i］。听起来不伦不类。 5． 在cl、cr、gl、gr等连缀辅音中间加[]

音。也是国人一个比较普遍的问题。

以上问题都可以通过改变发声方法、获得科学的发声技巧这一正确途径来的解决。具体方法参见《歌唱英语》VCD视盘中音标拼读部分。

英语口语交流是以句子作为最小单位的，所以句子拼读在《歌唱英语》训练当中占有举足轻重的地位。具体方法就是在正确拼读单词的基础上，把每个英语句子当作一个“长单词”来读。在这个“长单词”中，不仅要把每个单词的重音读出来，而且还要把每个元音的特点读清楚，这就是长短音、单元音、双元音、三元音之间的区别一定要读清楚。除此之外更重要的是，这个“长单词”一定要读得高低起伏、蜿转流畅，象唱歌一样好听。要实现这一目的，必须要有深厚的气息要求、声音在小舌头后面的位置要求、打开的喉咙、放松的嘴巴，伸缩巻弹自如的舌头等有关科学发声的规范要求。具体要求请参《歌唱英语》VCD“句子朗读法”的范例，要达到范例上的要求，必须具备良好的发声技巧，它是《歌唱英语》的最基础的要求。具体就是：一、饱满的气息，放松并打开的喉咙，抬起的小舌头，伸缩巻弹如自的大舌头、极度放松的前嘴等。获得这些技巧的训练方法，同样在VCD上有详细的演示。

第十一章 句子拼读法

它们是《歌唱英语》的第一道门槛。所以英语学习者必须花大力气去改变自己的口语发声习惯 ，也就是，压力过重的前嘴，用后嘴讲英语和汉语。

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后嘴的功能的发挥，不仅能让我们讲一口流利、纯正、象歌唱一样好听的英语和母语，而且能够有效地根治咽喉和鼻腔的炎症。

在这里有必要给学过一些发声法的朋友说几句。这些朋友包括声乐专业、播音专业、影视戏剧表演专业出身的人们。为什么你们在受过发声训练后，仍然不能运用到英语口语发声中呢？原因大致有如下几个方：一、播音专业过份重视口型，导致前嘴的压力不能有效地解除；小舌头的功能不够，导致要么鼻音太重，要么口腔的声音太多。使声音产生沉闷、暧昧或贼亮等令人不愉快的感觉。二，表演出身的人们要么喉头不完全打开，要么喉头开得过份。以上的种种不十分不科学的特征都导致同一个结果，这就是舌头的整体功能没有发展好，伸缩巻弹的功能不够；如果有的话，也只是局限于舌头的前端。三、关于声乐出身的人，很遗憾的是，我的学员中学美声的，后嘴的功能过强，舌头、前嘴僵硬；学民族唱法的后嘴的功能又不够，前嘴也没有完全，舌头整体功能不够，只是前端很灵。这一点可从经常在电视上露面的一些歌手口型上得到验证。这类歌手都是在口腔中间或稍靠后的位置

上唱歌，并没有落到小舌后面的共鸣点上，所以声音偏白，或鼻音较重，缺乏艺术魅力。具有艺术鉴赏力的法国友人称这种声音为：“中国鞭炮辟哩啪啦式的噪音”--- 因为你不得不掩起耳朵，并且还得闭上眼睛。而英语口语表达需要在完全放松和打开喉咙的前题下充分发挥整个舌头伸缩巻弹的功能；这个功能发挥又是建立在具有一定的口腔空间的基础上的。“儿啦啦”和“［U］儿啦啦”的练习是可以帮助找到英语口语表达的感觉的。

所以，在深气息的支持下，放松并打开的喉腔，抬起的小舌头，完全放松前嘴，前嘴的压力，在这些基础上，发挥舌头整体的伸缩巻弹的功能是《歌唱英语》的发声要求。它既让你说一口流利、纯正、象歌唱一样好听的英语，又能让你的歌声符合艺术的规范，产生艺术魅力。请给予高度重视并努力获得它。

第十二章 语法

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对于中国的英语学习者来说，语法应该是他们应付考试的最拿分的好戏。但细究和实际应用起来，也未必能说出个所以然。这就是所谓的“学与非学”的关系。学而不思等于非学。“语法”，其实是一个规则，通过这些规则把相互之间没有关联的单词联系起来。而成为语言中有意义的句子。因此语法是非常重要的，是要下功夫去钻研并掌握的一个重要方面。但它绝对不是语言学习的唯一方面。 《歌唱英语》要求国人讲一口流利、纯正地像唱歌一样好听的英语，当然也有其对语法基本功的强调。具体就是：

（一）语法基本原则：

首先我们必须明白语法名称，让我来考考你一些基本的问题。

1、你都明白下面这些词汇是什么意思吗？

Can you understand all these terms? 1).Noun 2).Verb 3).Preposition 4).Adjective 5).Adverb

6).Conjunction 7).Pronoun 8).Article 9).Subject 10).Object-Direct Indirect 11).Gerund 12).Infinitive 13).Past participle 14).Auxiliary verb 15).Modal verb 16).Phrasal verb 17).Active and Passive 18).Countable 19).Unconuntable 20).Phrase 21).Clause 22).Sentence

2、 你能毫无困难地说出下面这句话里的每个词的语法名称吗？

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Can you give the grammatical names for all the words in the following sentence? A black cat sat by the fire and purred softly. 3. 你能毫无困难地说出下面每组词的语法名称吗？

The following groups of words illustrate the categories listed above. Can you match them with the appropriate category? a. a, an, the b. can, may, must

c. table, water, children, Paris d. to be, to live, to love

e. in the garden, after leaving home, might have been

f. because, while, as soon as g. happily, slowly, well h. have, do, be i. done, chosen, been

j. We're working very hard at the moment. k. In, on, by, during

l. To get up, to get rid of, to put off

m. Hoping, hopping, losing, finding n. She, we, they, I o. Road, car, policemen

p. I sent her a postcard. I posted a letter to Mary. I

sent her a postcard. I love Mary. a. Money, bread, butter, news b. Good, bad, ugly

c. Unless you marry him; after he'd been to Australia; which I asked for. d. Janet and John left town quickly. e. Produces and is produced

f. Would have done, to hear, listened, is coming

如有任何疑问，请你先下点功夫把它们搞清搞懂再往下走。

（二）有关语法现象的“十二条”。

英语语法包罗万象。但有“十二条”规矩是所有的中国英语学习者所必须掌握的基础概念。掌握

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这些基础能有效地避免口语表达的错误，而这些恰好就是我们最常见的低级错误。可以说，这些常见的低级错误在很大程度上构成了中国人学习英语的第一道门槛。为让大家真正掌握这个十二条，本人特意用英文表述。请大家花些功夫搞清楚它们。

1、 Every sentence in English must have a subject and a verb. The verb must also match the subject, i.e. it must be singular if the subject is singular and plural if the subject is plural. What is then wrong with these sentences?

The child make a mistake. The news are good. The people is horrible. Is good here.

2、 A preposition in English is followed by either a noun or the gerund (which is the noun form of the verb, after all),e.g.:

I'm very interested in learning Japanese.

Before coming to England, she worked as an airhostess.

He did it by working hard.

The only problem here is 'to', which is sometimes a preposition and sometimes apart of the infinitive. In such expressions as 'look forward to', 'object to' and 'be or get used to', 'to' is a preposition. Thus: I'm looking forward to seeing you soon. She objects to smoking in the classroom. They can't get used to living in a big city.

In the following sentences, however, 'to' is part of the infinitive: I would like to visit China. I want him to help me.

When he was a baby, he used to cry a lot. N. B. The only present form of the latter is: The baby cries a lot or the baby usually cries a lot.

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Make sure you are quite clear about the difference in form and meaning between 'be or get used to' and 'used to'. The latter is simply a matter of habit, as in: The baby used to cry a lot. On the other hand:

I am used to the baby's crying a lot; Or: The baby's got used to feeding when it wants to.

Suggest a mental acceptance of or adjustment to the situation.

3. Police and people are plural words, i.e. English police are wonderful and so are English people.

4． These words are uncountable, i.e. they can never take 'a' or 'an' (they use 'some' just like butter or milk).They also can never take a plural ending or a plural verb. News Advice

Information Weather Progress Luggage Furniture Knowledge Research Work

What were the main news stories on the radio this morning?

Can you give me a piece of advice (or information)?

Some of those items of furniture are really quite valuable.

He did a very original bit of research on the history of the haggis.

I've got masses of work to do today, including jobs both at home and at the office.

5．Prepositions often are quite illogical and depend on the word which they follow. Learn these common verbs and the prepositions with

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which they are associated. Make sentences using them to help you to learn them. Remember that 'something' can either be a noun or a gerund (see rule )

To accuse someone of something To apologize for something

To arrive at or in a place (never 'to') To be used to something

To blame somebody for something or to blame something on somebody

To depend on someone or something To get used to something

To have difficulty in or with something To look forward to something To object to something To participate in something To pay for something

To prevent somebody from something To remind somebody of something To succeed in or at something To suffer from something

To take part in something Now look at these sentences using prepositions associated with particular nouns or adjectives. What are the prepositions and the words they are dependent on? When you have identified them, make sentences of your own. I wasn't very good at maths at school; in fact I was very bad at it.

What's the reason for this terrible behavior?

She was always very kind to us but he was often a bit rude to my sister. There has been a huge increase in unemployment despite a decrease in the number of school-leavers this year.

We were very shocked/ surprised/ astonished at the news.

His parents are very proud of him. Has your teacher had much influence on you? She's living with a landlady but I'm staying at a hotel.

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I'm afraid of going to the dentist.

6. Articles are big problems for speakers of some languages where there are no articles, but even speakers of languages with articles still make mistakes over their usage in English. There are dozens of different rules but these five are probably those where foreign learners most often make mistakes. (a). Don't use 'the' when you're making general statements using uncountable or plural words. We say, for example: English people are interesting; or; Life is short, art is long.

(b). Use 'a' or 'an' when saying what someone's job is.

He's a dustman and I'm a brain surgeon. (c). Don't use 'the' with countries. I love France.

Thailand is beautiful.

The exceptions are those countries whose names are, or suggest, a plural:

I like both the USSR and the USA. (d). Play. Use 'the' with musical instruments but nothing with games.

She often plays the piano while they play chess.

(e). Articles are usually used with the names of rivers, seas and theatres but are not normally used with lakes, continents or streets.

I've swum in the Volga and the Pacific Ocean but never in Loch Ness. Have you ever been to Australia? The Queens Theatre is on Shaftesbuty Avenue.

7. Make and do. Which of these you need to use may often seem illogical and there is really little alternative but to learn which is correct in a particular expression. Some points should help you though.

‘Make’ often has a clear idea of creating something that can afterwards be held or seen. 'Do' is more general.

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‘Do’ is the word used with all kinds of work-homework, housework, gardening, washing, ironing and so on.

Do these points help you to see the difference between? :

Children make a lot of work. Mothers do a lot of work. The first sentence suggests that children create work, they make a mess etc. Their parents then have to do the work the children have created for them.

8. Some verbs are followed by the gerund (or a noun). Learn these verbs and make your own sentences using them. Remember that they can NEVER be followed by an infinitive. To avoid doing To enjoy doing To mind doing To propose doing To risk doing To suggest doing

To be worth doing

9. ‘Another’ is one word, never two.

10. The verb to stop can sometimes be followed by an infinitive but it usually requires a gerund. Can you see the difference in meaning which the gerund and infinitive give? Let's stop (working) now to have a cup of tea.

He stopped reading when I came into the room.

He was walking along the street when he suddenly stopped to look in a shop window. In the examples with ‘stop’ the infinitive is an infinitive of purpose. It explains why someone did something and the infinitive is the shortest and easiest way of explaining someone's purpose in English, e.g.: He came to Britain to learn English.

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I wrote this book to help you pass your exam.

Note that ‘for’ is NEVER used in this kind of sentence.

11. Verb and direct object. In English the most common mistake of word order is to separate the direct object. They almost always need to be right beside one another. You must say, for example:

I like jazz very much; or (more emphatically):

I very much like jazz. Nothing else is possible.

12. One of the best ... Expressions like these must be followed by a plural noun. This is a little point but it is one of the most common mistakes which foreign students make in English.

（三）动词。

英语语法十二条并不包括动词形式和时态，但这也是英语语法中最复杂的部分，同样需要在花力气去整理，并掌握其中的核心部分。特单独阐述以表重视。

同样地，我要用几个基本问题来考一考你对动词形式和时态的掌握程度。

1、 你知道下面的英文是什么意思吗？ Present simple Present continuous

Present perfect (simple and continuous) Past simple Past continuous Past habitual

Past perfect (simple and continuous) ‘Going to’ future Future simple Future continuous

Future perfect (simple and continuous) Conditional (simple and continuous)

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2、 你能把下面的句子同上述词汇划上等号吗？并且能够很轻易地把它们变成否定形式和被动形式吗？

He is writing He would write He would be writing He will write He will have written He will have been writing He used to write He is going to write He would have written He would have been writing He wrote

He had been writing He has written He has been writing He writes He was writing He will be writing

3、 你能明白下述表达的意思吗？并与第二问题中的句子形式划上等号吗？

(a). Which tense describes something that happened regularly in the past but no longer does?

(b). Which tense describes a clear intention for the future?

(c). Which tense describes something at one moment in the present?

(d). Which tense describes something that happened before something else happened in the past?

(e). Which tense describes something that began in the past and continued up to the present moment?

(f). Which tense describes something that happens regularly?

(g). Which tense is used to make a sudden prediction or decision about the future?

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(h). Which tense is used to look forward to a point in the future and then to look back from that point?

(i). Which tense is used most of the time in telling a story about the past?

(j). Which tense describes a situation at a particular moment of time in the future? (k). Which tense describes a situation at a particular moment of time in the past?

4、 你非常清楚下面句子的区别并能随时用在口语中正确地表达这种区别吗？

(a). The thief jumped out of the window when the police entered the room.

The thief was jumping out of the window when the police entered the room.

The thief had jumped out of the window when the police entered the room.

(b). I have been in Beijing for three months. I was in Beijing for three months. (c). I'm going to go to Beijing next year. I think I'll go to Beijing next year.

(d). What'll you do when the train arrives? What'll you be doing when the train arrives?

(e). A thief has stolen my bike. My bike's been stolen.

(f). I used to play the guitar when I was a child.

I played the guitar when I was a child. I have been playing the guitar since I was a child.

(g). I'll stay at home if it rains. I'd stay home if it rained. (h). He'd do it if he had time.

He'd have done it if he'd had time.

5、 你能用另外一种方式表达前面一个句子的意思吗？

(a). I haven't seen her for ten years. I last ...

(b). \"Thank you, Mary. You bought my mother such beautiful flowers,\" said Jane.

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Jane thanked ...

(c). \"Shall we go to the theatre on Saturday?\" said Frank.

Frank suggested ...

(d). The teacher made the little girl stand in the corner.

The little girl ...

(e). \"Please, study hard,\" Jill's parents requested.

Jill's parents wanted ...

(f). After looking at the photographs, we had a cup of tea. When we ...

(g). He didn't do much work, so he failed the exam. If ...

(h). She's too tall to be a ballet-dancer. She isn't ...

(i). \"I saw your girlfriend last night,\" Jane said to her brother. Jane told ...

(j). Bob's uncle asked him to write as soon as he got back home.

\"Please write ...

6、 你能把下面的词组正确地连接起来并组成一个完整的句子吗？ Dear Bill

(a). Thank you / your letter / tell us / your holiday plans.

(b). I wish / we can go / Greece / you. (c). It be a long time / we last have / holiday abroad.

(d). We have / not enough / money / go abroad / July.

(e). I think / we probably go / Brighton / usual.

(f). Perhaps next year / we can afford / go / France / Belgium.

(g). I hope / you have / lovely time / island / you choose / the tourist brochure. (h). We look forward / hear /your holiday /when you / return.

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With best wishes, Paul

7、 你会用所给词的正确形式完成以下句子吗？ (a) \"Do come to the disco with us.\" \"Oh, yes, thank you. I to.(like)

(b) February is month of the year.(short)

(c) They said they'd come at 11.30. It's already 12 so they ought here half an hour ago. (be) (d) It was raining hard just now, but now it (stop).

(e) They carried on even though I told them to stop.(write)

(f) The crowd gave the team a noisy reception. The team

noisy reception. (give)

(g) If you harder, you'd get better results. (work)

(h) I wouldn't have known unless you me. (tell)

(i) We live in a house near the station. The

house

is near the station.(live)

(j) She came to London last June. She in London since June.(live)

如果你不费太大力气就能完成上述作业，那么，恭喜你，你已经通过了《歌唱英语》对语法在口语表达上的要求。暂时还没能熟练掌握的人们，请不要着急，花点工夫把这些作业作好后再往下走。

第十三章 词汇

英语词汇林林总总不计其数，是最让中国人头痛的问题，不知道该怎样下功夫，该吃些什么样的补脑药才能会尽量多地记住那些英语单词。事实上孤立地记忆单词在生理上是不被大脑接受的，也就是说进不了大脑记忆库。尽管社会上有很多关于记忆单词的方法，事实证明这些孤立地记忆法是愚蠢可笑之举，解决不了记忆回题。那么如何解决词汇问题，《歌唱英语》的要求是这样的：

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一、 永远不要孤立地记忆单词本身。

应把需要记忆的单词放进特定的句子中去，句子熟了，其中的单词自然就记住了。用《歌唱英语》的发声方法去反复体会其歌唱性、节奏性、韵律等美好的一面，记忆的负担就解除了，根本不存在什么枯燥无味的问题。等你达到了《歌唱英语》的发声及朗读要求后，你会惊奇地发现你已完成了整个句子乃至整篇课文的记忆任务。比如说要记忆Service这个单词的用法，最好把它所代表的不同方面的意义的句子，全部罗列在一起用《歌唱英语》的要求反复朗读直到达到纯正流利像唱歌一样好听：

1. My grandmother went into service when she was only

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2. He saw service in both world war. 3. Can I be of service to you?

4. They bought us a dinner service as a wedding present. 5. The waiter added 10 per cent to the bill for service. 6. The local church holds three services every Sunday. 7. The bus service in this town is very poor.

8. You should have your car serviced every five

thousand miles.

9. These shoes aren't elegant but they are very

serviceable.

10.Her tennis is quite good but her service is still

a little weak.

11.These old climbing boots have seen some good service

on my many holidays in the Alps.

12.Work in the Civil Service is very secure.

如果你能记住上述12个意义不尽相同的service的用法，你才真正掌握了这个单词。在这种活的语言环境中去记忆某一特定的单词，你会因此掌握更多其它的新单词。

二.区别“消极性”和“积极性”词汇。

记住，在词汇方面区分“消极性”词汇（passive words）和“积极性”词汇（active words）是具有非常重要的指导意义的。而这恰好又是国人一个世纪以来最无知的方面之一，留下了很严重的后遗症。 以英语为母语的人士，即使是受过良好教育的知识分子，也有成千上万的孤立的单词他们也搞不

清楚，但如果真的在阅读中碰到了，也不会令他们着急。因为这些不认识的词汇的意思在上下文中已经表现的很清楚了，只需他们作一个逻辑性的猜想就行了。这类词汇就叫“被动性词汇”，是不需要你特别记忆的一类单词。例如：

1、 In the dark his hand fumbled to find the door handle.

2、 It is reckless to drive too fast on narrow, mountain roads.

3、 She was so beautiful that she eclipsed every other woman at the ball.

相信稍加猜想就能明白上面三个被动词汇的意思。因此，养成一个在上下文中“逻辑性猜想”的习惯，而不是一遇到单词就去查字典，将会使你更快地进入上语言环境中去。另外学习一点字根，字缀学也对你的猜想有帮助。

“主动性词汇”就是那些在口语中应用频率极高的词，是学习英语的人们必须特别加以注意的。

如果你碰到一个英国人或美国人，你将有可能会遇上如下几段精彩对话： “Nice day，isn't it ?” “She's such a nice person.\"

\"We had a very nice meal last night.\" Or

\"Did you get my letter?\"

\"He got me a nice record for my birthday.\" \"I am getting used to living in London now.\" Or

\"The film yesterday was very good?\" \"He isn't a very good teacher.\" \"It was good of you to help me.\"

nice ,get and good是英语口语中经常被运用的三个单词。但在书面语中却是弱势词汇,较少使用。因为找到一个更正式的词来替代它们是一件很容易的事。

请你选择一个比nice更合适、更准确的词来替换下面一段口语中的nice。

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I had a very nice childhood. I went to a very nice school in Scotland where the teachers were all nice to the children and the lessons were always nice. It was in a very nice part of the country and it seems to me now that the weather was always nice. I thought it was especially nice in winter when it was nice to play in the snow. Our school uniform was very nice and school dinners were always nice. I wonder if it was really as nice as I think now or if I am just becoming old?

同样，请你选择一个比get和good更合适、更准确的词来替换下面口语中的get和good。 (a). When a British citizen becomes 100, he or she gets a telegram from the Queen. (b). I suggested getting a new car but my husband said we could not afford it. (c). Pollution is getting a real problem today.

(d). We are getting on well with our English.

(e). It is hard to get all the words of a song when you listen to a record.

(f). It is impossible to get him to understand what I mean.

(g). Would you mind getting my coat from the cleaners when you are in town?

(h). He can get Radio Moscow on his new radio. (i). I never get to see television these days. (j). He works so hard that he's sure to get ahead.

(k). I wonder if I'll get through the exam. (l). Rain every day is bound to get you down. (m). We had a very good evening on Friday. After a meal at a very good Italian restaurant we went to a good film. I liked it because the actors were all so good and the plot was a good one as well. Afterwards we were in such a good mood that we decided to visit some good friends of ours and tell them all about our evening. They were very good about our calling round so late and I

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was glad that I was able to do them a good turn by mending their clock while we were there.

以下是参：

I had a very happy childhood. I went to a very pleasant school in Scotland where the teachers were all kind to the children and the lessons were always interesting. It was in a very beautiful part of the country and it seems to me now that the weather was always fine. I thought it was especially enjoyable in winter when it was exciting to play in the snow. Our school uniform was very attractive and school dinners were always delicious. I wonder if it was really as wonderful as I think now or if I am just becoming old?

1 ... she receives ... 2 ... I suggested buying ... 3 ... is becoming ... 4 ... are making good progress ... 5 ... It is hard to understand ... 6 ... to make him understand ...

7 ... Would you mind fetching ... 8 ... He can receive ... 9 ... I never have the opportunity to see ... 10 ... he is sure to be successful. 11 ... if I'll pass the exam. 12 ... is bound to make you feel depressed.

We had a very enjoyable evening on Friday. After a meal at a romantic Italian restaurant we went to a very powerful film. I liked it because the actors were so exhilarated that we decided to visit some close friends of ours and tell them all about our evening. They were very understanding about our calling round so late and I was glad that I was able to do them a favour by mending their clock while we were there.

三、注意区别意义容易混淆的词汇。

对于中国人来说，有些英语词汇的意义是极易混淆从而引发各种问题的。需要大家在学习中自觉地把它们以自己理解的合理方式加以记录和区别。 例如：

1． rob/steal

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2． bring/take 3． go/come

4． work/job/profession 5． travel/trip/journey 6． opportunity/possibility 7． economic/economical 8． agree 9． lend/borrow 10． lonely/alone

11． people/police(these are plural words) 12． news(this is uncountable,i.e.always needs a singular verb)

13． advice/ advise 14． practice/practise 15． take/pass/fail an exam 16． experience/experiment 17． cry/shout 18． boring/bored 19． become/get/receive 20． technique/technology

A. 请你作如下练习来区分上述对应词汇：

1.I was in London yesterday. My handbag was .

2.When you come to see me, your photo album with you.

When you go and see her, her some flowers.

3.When I home to Italy, I shall speak perfect English. I hope I'll back here soon.

4.She's finding it difficult to get a .He's finding it difficult to get . Is teaching really a or not? It is certainly a very hard but it is extremely interesting

5.I had a very difficult when I came here. I love

Let's go on a day to France. Tell me about your to Bangkok last year. She works in a agency.

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6.I had the to go to Japan when I was a student but there met spoke very good English. 7.She is a very housewife. Your car is much more

policy. He's studying history at university.

8.I with what you say. you with him?

9.A library books to people. People books from libraries.

10.You can be even when you are surrounded by other people.

Everyone else left the room and I was at last .

11.British people very . I like people who always sincere. British police guns.

12.The news today very worrying. 13.Let me you. I feel you need some .

14.Do some every day. The more you , the better you'll become.

15.When are you going the exam? I hope you . he .

16.Scientists in laboratories . Living abroad is a very interesting even if you feel a bit lonely sometimes.

17.I think she simply because she is so tired.

I saw him on the other side of the street and

To him but he didn't hear me.

18.My mother always used to say that people are very . Are you often ?

19.We a little older every day. What did you for Christmas? 20.The industrial world should help the developing world with .

than mime. I'm not keen on our government's My brother it last year and I'm afraid

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The school has lots of modern -tape recorders, computers and so on-but what do you think of the teaching ?

B． 注意动词和介词的固定搭配关系，它们也是制约国人

口语能力的一个方面。

下列搭配表是口语中经常运用的：

a． OF: accuse, approve, assure, beware, boast (or about), consist, convince (or about), cure, despair, dream (or about),expect (or from), hear (or from), be/get rid, smell, suspect, think (or about), tire (d), warn (or against)。 后接of的动词：控告；赞成；让„„放心; 谨防; 夸耀; 埋怨; 由„„组成; 使信服; 治愈; 丧失„„希望; 幻想; 期望; 听到„„消息; 摆脱; 闻到; 对„„猜疑; 思考; 对„„感到厌烦; 警告„„有危险。

b． FROM: borrow, defend (or against), demand (or of), differ, dismiss, draw, emerge, escape,

excuse (or for), hinder, prevent, prohibit, protect (or against), receive, separate, suffer.

后接from的动词：从„„借；保护„„使免于；向„„要求；有别于；解雇；从„„中得出；从„„出现； 从„„逃出； 允许不„„；阻止；妨碍；不准许；向„„提；接到；把„„分开；受难。

c. IN: believe, delight, employ(ed), encourage, engage(d), experience(d), fail, help (or with), indulge, instruct,

interest(ed), invest, involve(d), persist, share.

后接in的动词：信仰；喜欢；从事；鼓励；正做；在„„有经验；没有尽到；帮助；包括；沉醉；教导；对„„感兴趣；投资；卷入；坚持；分享。

d. ON: act, base(d), call, comment,

concentrate, consult(or about), count, decide, depend, economize, embark, experiment, insist, lean (or against), live, operate, perform (or

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in), pride (oneself), rely, vote (on a motion; 7． I dreamt you last night. 8． You can never rely him to be punctual.

9． Nothing will prevent him succeeding.

10． Are you interested music? 11． I suppose I can count you for help this matter?

12． Beware the dog.

13． He persisted asking questions. 14． I insist your telling me the truth.

15． It took me a long time to get rid him. Beethoven?

17． I separated them each other because they were fighting .

18． They can only cure him his illness if they operate _______ him.

19． You can depend ________ me.

for someone), write (or about).

后接on的动词：遵守；在„„基础上；拜访；评论；集中于；祝贺；商量；依赖；决定；依靠；节约；从事；尝试；坚持；倚靠于„„；靠„„为生；起作用；扮演；为„„感到自豪；依靠；对„„表决（投„„的票）；写„„的事。

你能用of, from, in或on 填空来完成下列句子，并在口语中流利地运用吗？

1． I withdrew a lot of money ________ the bank yesterday.

2． I refuse to comment ________ his work. 3． The waiter’s tip is included the bill.

4． He congratulated me having got engaged.

5． The warm coat will protect you the cold.

6． Did anything emerge your discussion?

16． Do you mean to say you have never heard

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20． I haven’t accused him _____ anything, but I suspect him ________having taken it.

21． Whatever made you think ______ such a thing?

22． We expect a great deal _______ you, Smith. 23． My hands smell ______soap.

24． They differ ______each other so much. 25． He invested a lot of money _______ shipping.

26． The film was based ______ a novel by Dickens.

27． Don’t lean ______ that shelf! You’ll regret it.

28． She often suffers _______colds. 29． We have embarked _______ a new scheme. 30． I believe _______ taking my time. 31． Jones was dismissed _________ the firm. 32． They began by experimenting _________ rats.

33． Please concentrate ____________ what you are doing.

34． She prides herself ________ her clean house.

35． The climber failed _________ his attempt to reach the summit.

36． Many people escaped __________ prisons during the last five years.

37． We must economize ________ fuel. 38． He’s never done any word .He lives _________ his mother.

39． He was employed __________ a factory before he joined the army.

40． And what dose this horrible drink consist ________?

41． I shall certainly act _________ your advice.

42． Don’t write ________ the desk! 43． You should not boast ________ your success.

44． You must encourage him _________ his efforts.

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45． He should be instructed_________ his duties.

46． Two or three people were involved ________ the accident.

47． Children should be prohibited __________ smoking.

48． I can assure you _________ my support. 49． Do you approve __________ hunting? 50． I despair __________ ever teaching him anything!

51． Has this play ever been performed _________ the stage?

52． I warned him _________ the danger ,but he wouldn’t listen to me .

53． How much have you borrowed _________ me already?

． He delights __________ annoying me.

总之，如能在学习中首先贯彻活学活记的原则，在科学发声地基础上，多读多朗诵，记忆的大门将永远处于打开状态。在此基础上，注意区别“被动性”和“主动性”词汇以及词义相近容易混淆的字

词。就完全能在一个较短的时间内达到用英语交流的目的。千万不要死记硬背一些生活中根本用不上的“垃圾英语词汇”——即“被动性词汇”。那些号称词汇量过万的人通常都是记的“垃圾词汇”，因为一口流利的英语对单词量的要求最多不超过一千个。一本象《简明英汉词典》这样中型词典，总词汇约两万六千多个，基本词汇也就是主动性词汇只有三千五百个。即使是达到这一要求，对《歌唱英语》的学员来说，也是一件非常容易和轻松愉快的事情。

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英语》速成特训的学员来说，掌握如下的内容是非常有必要的。

1． 定义：副词是用来修饰动词、形容词和其它副词的

一类词，它还可以用来修饰短语、从句和整个句子。它的主要功能之一是对上下文起连接和转换作用。 2． 种类：按其用法副词可分为简单副词、疑问副词、

关系副词。这三类副词都可以用来表示时间、地点、程度、状态等不同意义。

3． 表示时间、地点、程度、状态等不同意义的副词如

果同时出现在一个句子里，其排列顺序应该是程度—状态—地点—时间。

4． 《歌唱英语》把简单副词及其基本用法放在非常重

要的地位，它也是口语中最活跃的因素。在连接和转换中起着非常重要的作用。 5． 简单副词的常用法：

简单副词包括时间副词、地点副词、程度副词、状态副词、肯定和否定副词

时间副词包括以下四个方面： (1)时候 具体词汇有:

第十四章 连接与转换

英语学习者都有一个共同的体会：学习英语句子和单独地表达它们并不是特别困难的事情，最困难的是把一个个的句子联系起来表达丰富的思想和感情。《歌唱英语》称这种联系为英语口语的连接和转换。这种连接和转换主要是通过副词和连词的功能来完成的。所以要想在三个月内学会一口流利、纯正、象歌唱一样好听的英语，必须在完成规定任务的同时，特别注意学习主要副词和连词的基本用法。也就是说，要把那些经常在口语中用到的副词和连词基本用法花大力气去搞清楚并能在口语中表达它们。为此，歌唱英语特意总结了一些有关副词和连词的常用法，供大家在速成期间学习和领会。

第一部分：副词

副词在整个英语语法中内容非常丰富，份量也非常重。要完全掌握它们绝非朝夕之功。对《歌唱

now(现在), in the past(过去)， lately, recently(最近), soon, before long(不久以后),at once, immediately(立刻), long ago(很久以前), next year(明年), next month(下个月), next week(下星期)等等。例如：

Now I am working in Shenzhen city, but I was only a student in the past. Recently I just came back from Beijing for holidays. Before long I shall go to United States for higher education. This was my dream long ago, and I really hope it will come true immediately. But I know I must wait until next year.

(2)期间 具体词汇有： long(很久), forever(永久), all day(整天), all the year(整年), all the week(整个星期), for ten years(十年之久)等等。

(3)反复或频律 具体词汇有：once(一次), daily(每天), often(时常), seldom(很少), at

times(时时), always(经常), usually(通常), frequently(常常), continually(不时的), regularly(定期的), occasionally(偶尔地), sometimes(有时候), rarely(很少), scarcely(不常), once in a while(偶尔), hardly ever(几乎不曾), never(永不)等等。例如：

My spare time

I have made it a hobby that I must watch English movies on television at least once daily since I came to Shenzhen city thirteen years ago. Unfortunately, I often forget just because I am so busy at work until midnight. If it is too late for me to watch TV, I usually read newspapers and magazines instead. I never play cards in my spare time, but sometimes play chess for a while. I rarely play football for the very simple reason that it does not make any sense to me. Occasionally I will go to a school nearby to play volleyball with the boys. You may not believe that I hate water and I hardly ever go to a swimming_pool. Being a

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musician, I regularly go to concert, at least once a week. I seldom go all by myself, and of course I do it with my daughter and my two sons.

(4)顺序 具体词汇有： first(最初)，next(其次)，last(最后)

地点副词

here(这里)，there(那里)，home(在家)，far(远)，near(近)，back(向后)，out(在外面)，to and fro(来来回回)，above(在上面)，inside(在里面)，away(离开)，forward(s)(向前)，outside(在外面)，across(越过)，off(离开)，over(在„之上)，backward(s)(向后)，

everywhere(到处)，under(在„之下)，hither(到这里)，thither(到那里)，thence(从那里)，upstairs(楼上)，downstairs(楼下)，somewhere(某处)，nowhere(无处)等等。

程度副词

very(很)，rather(相当)，quite(十分)，much(非常)，greatly(非常)，nearly(几乎；近乎)，

almost(几乎)，completely(完全地)，entirely(全部地)，perfectly(完美地)，absolutely(绝对地)，thoroughly(彻底地)，extremely(极端地)，exactly(正确地；恰好地)，partly(部分地)，slightly(稍)，so(那么„)，too(太„„)，awfully, terribly, frightfully(都等于very，相当；很)，just(正是)，scarcely(hardly几乎不)，

utterly(全然地)，enormously(非常地)等等。例如：

I think they hate me badly

I must admit that my students are all the best ones. They are working absolutely very hard to try to get what I am telling them to do. But, unfortunately almost none of them has done them perfectly. Sometimes nearly one step forward will make difference, but it seems that they extremely like to be what they are! They usually complain that I did not thoroughly and exactly give them my explanations. At that moment I can scarcely take myself under control, so I always say this to them: “ I think you

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must hate me badly, why don’t you just take a knife and cut me into pieces?” And every time they seem to get terribly shocked and all of them show me awfully long faces, and that amuses me enormously.

状态副词：

actively(活跃地)，willingly(甘愿地)，gladly(高兴地)，wisely(聪明地)，wrongly(错误地)，carefully(小心地)，fast(快地)，quickly(敏捷地)，promptly(立即地)，how(如何)，anyhow(无论如何)，calmly(平静地)，quietly(静悄悄地)，distinctly(清晰地)，easily(容易地)，simply(只)等等。例如：

My Lovely Daughter

My daughter, Betty, is ten years old now. Whenever I think of her, there must be a vivid picture before my eyes. When she was a little girl, she had more time than now to be with me. I like to watch her walking, she walks

actively. I like to ask her to do me a favor, she does it willingly and gladly. She likes to draw pictures and she does them wisely and quietly. I teach her to sing songs, she sings them wrongly, and I correct her patiently, she changes quickly. My daughter can do everything easily, beautifully and happily.

肯定或否定副词：

yes(是的)，certainly(的确)，surely(确实)，of course(当然)，evidently(显然地)，indeed(的确 )，naturally(自然地)，obviously(明显地)，precisely(正是)，entirely(完全地)，no(不)，not(不)，never(永不，决不)等等。

6． 关于疑问副词和关系副词的用法，因其相对简单具

有规律性，大家可以在平时的学习中较容易地掌握它们，所以，《歌唱英语》没有专门讲述它们。但是下面几点仍然是值得大家注意的：

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(1) 疑问副词和关系副词都只有四个字。它们是when,

where, how, why，分别表示时间、地点、方法、原因。

(2) 关系副词的区别在于：关系副词所引导的是定语从

句。疑问副词所引导的是名词从句。

(3) 在口语中可用that代替关系副词when，why，how

或者干脆省略。

(4) 口语中复合关系副词的用法也很重要。他们是

whenever， wherever，however 。

7． 几组特殊副词的用法： （1） ago, before, since

ago和一般过去时连用，意思是“多长时间以前”，不可使用；before经常以before now(现在以前)或before then(当时以前)的形式出现，也可使用；since即可和完成时也可和一般过去时连用，意思是“以前曾经”；since只能和现在完成时连用，意思是“从那以后”。例如

I left that company for my further development three years ago. I had not gotten any touch at all with any of friends ever since. They always

think that I was a guy hard to understand before. Well, I tell them that I still am now! (2) once，ever

once可用于肯定条件句中，意思是“一旦”，也可用于句中，意思是“曾经”，它还有一个意思是“一次”。ever用ever于疑问句中，意思是“曾经”，ever用于肯定条件句中，意思是“如果有机会、一旦，曾经”。

(a). If you once understand him, you will have no hesitation to do whatever he asks you to do.

(b). This love song was once very popular. (c). I go to the theater once a week. (d). If you ever see her, please give him my regards.

(3)just, just now

just与完成时连用，意思是“刚刚”。just now与一般过去时连用时，意思是“刚刚”，与一般现在时和现在进行时连用时，意思是“现在、此时”。 (a). I have just finished my homework. (b). The telephone rang just now.

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(c). The doctor is very busy just now. He has no time to talk to you.

(d). My friend, Peter, is staying in New York just now.

(4)already, yet, still

already 用于肯定句中与完成时连用，意思是“已经”。 Yet用于否定句和疑问句中，在否定句中的意思是“还没有”，在疑问句中是“已经”。 Still用于肯定句中，意思是“还是”。

I have already finished my homework, have you? No, I have not finished it yet. I am still working on it.

(5)There is no, there is to be, there being There is no后面跟名词或动名词，意思是“不可能的”。 there is to be后面跟名词，意思是“将有”。 there being后面跟名词，意思是“因为有”。

(a). There is no undoing the past.

(b). There is to be a rather fine day tomorrow. (c). There being no buses, I had to go home on foot.

第二部分 连词

1． 定义：用来连接单词、短语、从句或句子的词类称为连词；如果被连结的单词、短语、从句或句子在语法上占同等地位就称之为并列连词；如果所引导的从句是从属分句(包括：名词从句，定语从句，状语从句)，而将主句和从句连接起来成为一个复合句，则称之为从属连词。按形式分可分单一连词、短语连词和相关连词。

2． 《歌唱英语》把在口语中经常运用的连词进行了选择性的归纳整理，并以突出难点为主。 3． 口语中经常运用的连词有：

both „„ and(„„两者都)

连接两个文法相同的单词、短语或分句有强调语气的作用。

Exercise is good both for body and for mind.(运动对身体和心情都有益处。)

He has both the time and the money to play gulf.(他既有时间又有钱来玩高尔夫球。) Not only„„but(also)(不仅„„而且) 连接两个语法作用相同的单词、短语或分句；如果连接 两个主语时，重点在第二个主语，故动词

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的数与后者一致。另外，如果把not only 置于句首时，它后面的从句要倒装。

Not only you but also I am wrong.(不仅你错，我也错了) = Not only you are wrong but also I am wrong.

Not only is he dependable, but also he is trustworthy.(他不仅可靠，而且值得信赖。) as well as (也，和，还有)

连接两个语法作用相同的单词、短语或分句。如果连接两个主语时，动词的数与第一个主语一致。 The teacher as well as the students is expected to study hard.(老师和学生一样应努力研读。) = The teacher is expected to study hard as well as the students.

He give me money as well as advice.(他给我钱，也给我忠告。)

Neither „„ nor(既不„„也不, 两个都不) 如果连接两个主语时，动词的数与后者一致。

Neither Tom nor I am going to attend the meeting.(汤姆和我都 不去参加会议。)

I can neither read nor write.(我既不会读，也不会写。)

What with „„, and(what with) „„(半因„„，半因„„)

What by„„, and(what by) „„(半靠„„，半靠„„)

What with overwork and (what with) undernourishment, he fell ill.(一方面由于工作过度，一方面由于营养不良，他病倒了。) What by scolding and what by coaxing, I barely managed to stop the child’s crying.(半靠责骂，半靠诱骗，我总算能叫那孩子不哭了。)

下面再介绍一组专门用于句子与句子之间连接转换的带副词性质的连词。它们绝对不能用来连接单词或短语，只能连接句子。

Besides; moreover; furthermore; further; in addition; also;都是表示“而且、另外、此外、还有”等转换和意义递进。 likewise; similarly; 都表示“同样地”。

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It’s too late to go for a walk now; besides, it’s beginning to rain.(现在散步太晚了，何况又开始下雨了。)

I believe you understand what this project means to us. Moreover, I hope you will carry out the orders discreetly and faithfully.(我想你了解这计划对我们的意义。此外，我希望你会谨慎而忠心地完成这些命令。)

You need money and time. In addition, you need diligence.(你需要钱和时间。此外，你还需要努力。)

All of Mr.Jones’ ancestors were sturdy and long –lived; likewise, he is very healthy at age seventy –five.(所有琼斯的祖先都很健康长寿，同样的，他在七十五岁还很健康。)

What is more (更有甚者，而且)；what is worse(更糟的是)。

I don’t think the man is suitable for a gardener; he is lazy, stupid and unreliable, what is more, he knows nothing about garden.(我

不认为那个人适合作园丁；他懒惰、愚蠢、不可靠，更甚者，他对花园的事一窍不通。)

He learns easily,(and)what is more, he remembers what he has learnt.(他容易学会，而且所学的全记得。)

I lost myself in the jungle, and what is worse, it was getting darker and darker.(我在森林里迷路 ，更不幸的是天渐渐地黑了。)

not„„but(不仅没有„„反而)

What he lacks is not intelligence but perseverance.(他缺乏的不是智慧而是毅力。)

A man’s value should not be estimated by his position in society but by his character.(一个的价值不应该以其社会地位来衡量，而应以其品格来衡量。)

either„„or(要么„„要么)用来连接对等的单词、短语或从句，如果连接两个主语时，动词和第二主语一致。

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There is no standing still in his life; one must either advance or fall behind.(人生之路不进则退。)

You must come either on Monday or on Tuesday; I am too busy to see you any other day.(你必须在周一或周二来，其他的日子我太忙不能见你。)

上述例子和在《新概念英语》一、二册中已经学过的较为简单的其它连词和副词一起，构成日常英语口语表达中主要的连接和转换形式。充分掌握它们的用法之后，将为流利纯正的口语表达打下坚实的基础。

能运用适当的连接和转换方式，有机地在千变万化的口语环境中灵活地运用，也是一项非常重要的基本功。《歌唱英语》选用并推荐给大家的《新概念英语》第一册和第二册的前三十课内容，对时态的综合训练是有效的。希望大家在学习的时候有意识地加以重视。并用心体会各种时态之间的关系，特别是过去时和过去完成时之间的关系。用简单明了的话来说，“过去的过去”必须用过去完成时。这是一个时态综合练习中的难点，可以通过一些有针对性的阅读训练来解决这个问题。时态的综合运用能力是我们口语流利的重要保证，这个问题解决不好，将会造成自以为“脑子清楚、心里明白，可就是讲不出口或开口就错”这么一种假象。为什么说这是假象呢？事实应该是“脑子清楚单词是什么，或者说该用那个单词；心里明白单独的句子是什么，或者说该组织一个单句；讲不口或开口就错是因为不知道该用什么时态把这些单词或句子有效地联系起来，表达自己的思想和感情”。这是国人深感英语复杂的原因。也是为什么国人会有“一般的、简单的日常会话”这一莫明其妙的定义的原因。他们干脆把只会讲一些的句子叫作一般的、简单的

第十五章 时态综合练习

在口语交流中，哪怕是简单的几句话，也会包含不同的时态，因此，熟练掌握不同时态的结构，并

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口语，而把时态的综合运用能力看得过于复杂和神秘，是需要经过“长期的、艰苦的努力”才能获得的。我们非常清楚，如果只知道的句子，只能进行简单的对答，稍微复杂一点的交流就难以进行下去。也许这是学了十几年英语，背了一万多个单词仍然不能讲英语的另外一个重要原因。我们忽视了时态综合运用能力的培养。所以解决了口语发声技巧之后，时态综合运用能力的培养就成了又一个相对重要的问题。

《歌唱英语》向大家指出了这又一相对重要的问题，是期望能引起大家的重视，并在有意识的阅读训练中培养自己对时态的敏感性，以解除对它的畏难情绪。《新概念英语》第二册及以后的内容完全可以帮助你解决这个问题。大家必须意识到，口语发声技巧和时态的综合运用能力是我们英语学习成功的关键；也是获得一口流利纯正象唱歌一样好听的英语口语的法宝。下面的示范远没有指出这个问题本身重要，期望你能在进入了《新概念英语》第二册内容的学习之后，把培养对时态的综合运用能力放在至关重要的第一位。这一点也会在《歌唱英语》以后的教学VCD中得到反复的强调。即使是

在培养英语思维的第三阶段，这个能力的训练和培养也是占了相当的份量。

示范一：

Peter: What do you usually do on holidays?

Susan: I usually go to see some interesting places.

Peter: Where are you going to visit this summer?

Susan: I am not sure, I have not decided yet. Maybe I will go to Beijing. Have you ever been to Beijing?

Peter: Oh yes, I went to Beijing last summer. It was a very hot but also very exciting trip. I really want to visit Beijing again.

Susan: I hope you will go with me this summer. Probably you are a good guide!

Peter: Yes, of course I am. By the way, My mother has gone to Beijing. She will come back in three days. If you really want to visit Beijing this summer, I would like to call my

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mother and ask her to bring something interesting like maps for you.

Susan: Thank you very much. That is a wonderful idea!

示范二：

A Miserable Day

Last Sunday my son went out to the Children’ Park to have the Children’s Day with his mother. That morning before they left, my wife had told me that I must stay at home and finish all the housework. Besides, I must be well prepared in the afternoon for a wedding feast of one of her best friends.

As soon as they disappeared, I quickly threw myself to work. It had taken me at least thirty-nine minutes’ time and thirty-four minutes headache to look for the dirty clothes everywhere in the house before I opened up the wash-machine and found out all the laundry lying in it and laughing at me! I punched the

switch and turned on the machine and let it go happily without looking at it any more until it had stopped moving. I felt much better before I opened up the machine once more to take out one shirt before my eyes. To my astonishment, I found that I had forgotten to pour detergent! I checked them all one by one desperately and all of them were as dirty as they had been. I felt so frustrated that I decided to put them aside for a while and have a cigarette. When I was lightening the cigarette, the telephone rang. The noise was so loud that I did not even believe my ears when I heard it! It had given me a great shock before I realized what had happened. But it was too late. I had already burned my nose! I rushed to the telephone and pick it up and roared: “who the hell is this? Can’t you wait„„” “what is wrong? darling? I am so glad that you could answer me so fast. Thank me! I had adjusted the volume to the highest before I left just in case that you may

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not hear because, you know, darling, our washer has been too noisy recently. There must be something wrong with it. I am going to buy a new one. How about giving this one to your mother? She lost her hearing anyway! Oh! By the way, have you finished washing the clothing already? It’s nearly twelve, have you had lunch yet? You mustn’t forget to clean the kitchen after lunch! Oh! Don’t you remember to shave your face thoroughly and completely so that you will look much younger! Have I told you that how they had talked about you? They said you had always been like an old dog! Another thing, iron my trousers when they are dry before we come home! And„„” I have no appetite at all after all this mess. I got a deep breath and made another decision. I entered the bathroom to shave my face. I put the cool foam all over and pull the blaze. Just then the telephone rang again! My goodness!

This time I could not move. I had a terribly bad cut on my upper lip! „„

假如这是你所经历的故事，你能这样极具口语化地流畅地表述吗？假如不能，请你静下心来好好地应用《歌唱英语》的技巧，去认真地学习《新概念英语》第二册吧!

第十六章 英语描述范例

在日常英语口语交流中，不可避免地要涉及到对人物和景物的描述，尤其是在与朋友的闲谈之中，会更多的涉及到

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它。如果说时态综合运用能力能搭起英语口语的骨架或脊梁，那么对人物和景物的描述能力便成了它的血肉和外衣。它在很多时候能表现一个人驾驭语言的能力和对英语语言的素养。所以流利纯正的英语表达就离不开对人物和景物的描述能力的训练与培养。《歌唱英语》把它列为继时态的综合运用能力之后的又一重要训练内容，请广大学员同样予以高度重视。

对人物和景物的描述能力的训练与培养，主要来自广泛的阅读英语长短篇小说。而传统教学法以及社会上流行的种种教学法，都以简单的句子和孤立的材料作为所谓“教材”牟利。不仅完全涉及不了人物和景物描述的系统训练，而且对时态的综合运用能力也毫无帮助。《歌唱英语》将在后续发行的远程教学VCD中向大家配套出版一本由各类人物和景物的描写片段组成的《歌唱英语描写总汇》并配有本人朗读录音，大家可以一边听录音一边跟读，以便于大家尽快地提高口语表达能力，同时又可以节约很多阅读小说的时间，是《歌唱英语》速成教学法中一本很重要的辅助教材，它和《英语名言九百句》、《歌唱英语口语和俚语词汇》连同本书一起构成了一整套英语口语速成的辅助教材。

另外还需要向大家指出的是，人物和景物描述属于“活的语言”---即生活中的语言的范畴，它需要以一定的单词

量为基础。所以，这方面能力的培养将会对扩大词汇量有极大的帮助。

下面特精选几例使大家先睹为快，并建立起对它的感性认识。

二、 对太阳和月亮的描述

★ The Red Sun The sun was a huge red ball like

an elevated Host drenched in blood and when it sank out of sight, it left a line in the sky like a red clay road hanging over the trees. ★ The Blazing Sun It was late in the afternoon,

but the sun looked as if it were a mile high, and it was every bit as hot as it had ever been. ★ The Sun in a Pale-blue Wintry Sky The sun

was about halfway between the zenith and the horizon. All was stillness; the sun seemed to be fixed for ever as though it were a disc of yellow paper pasted against the paleblue wintry sky.

★ Beautiful Sunrise It was so beautiful: so

beautiful she could hardly bear the wonderful flushed sky, with red streaked and hazed

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against the intense blue; the beautiful still trees, with their load of singing birds; the vivid of colour.

★ Sunset in the Hills looking up now, it became

strangely real. The sun had sunk quite below the hills, but his last rays struck upward, touching the zenith. The fog had risen, and the town and river were steeped in its thick, gray damp; but overhead, the sun-touched smoke-clouds opened like a cleft ocean, -shifting, rolling seas of crimson mist, waves of billowy silver veined with blood-scarlet, inner depths unfathomable of glancing light. ★ Bright April Sunlight in the Room IT WAS TEN

O’CLOCK in the morning. The day was warm for April and the golden sunlight streamed brilliantly into Scarlett’s room through the blue curtains of the wide windows. The cream-colored walls glowed with light and the depths of the mahogany furniture gleamed deep red like wine, while the floor glistened as if

were lass, except where the rag rugs covered it and they were spots of gay color. ★ Bright Sunlight A bright light streamed

through the window, flooding the opening and spreading in a wide circle on the ceiling. ★ Moon Flooding the Country with Silver Light

At last about nine o’clock up she came in all her chastened glory, flooding the wild country with silver light, and throwing a weird sheen on the vast expanse of rolling desert before us, which looked as solemn and quiet and as alien to man as the star-studded firmament above.

★ The Young Moon Evening had fallen. A rim of

the young moon cleft the pale waste of skyline, the rim of a silver hoop embedded in gray sand. ★ The Moon over the Pastureland The moon was

low in the sky over the pastureland; the face of it was scarred and scuffed where it had just torn up out of the snarl of scrub oak and madrone trees on the horizon.

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★ The Risen Moon The moon had just risen, very

golden, over the hill, and like a bright, powerful, watching spirit peered through the bars of an ash tree’s half- maked boughs. ★ New Moon A pretty quarter of the moon threw

a pleasant light over forest and river, making a picture that would be a delightful piece of landscape study, could an artist only hold it down to his canvas.

★ Moonlight Seen from under Trees The nigh was

an unwritten poem-the gleam and drip of light like the play of an incoherent mind, fluttering, slipping in and out of reality; never at rest; never the firm silver of true metal; burnished and gone like a dream.

★ A Flood of Moonlight The moon had risen, and

its orb was shedding a flood of light over the dark outing of pines which crowned the eastern mountain. The rays from the moon striking upon the smooth white surfaces of the lake and fields, reflecting upwards a light that was brightened

by the spotless color of the immense bodies of snow which covered the earth.

一、 天气描述

★ Damp Spring Air All the lower air was full

of the damp haze rising from heavy soaking water on the earth, mingled with a warm and pleasant smell from the blue smoke of the spring fires in all the open fields.

★ Evening Air The cool of the evening. The

air is soft and limpid. You have an extreme sense of well-being. Your imagination is pleasantly but not exhaustingly occupied with image after image. You have the sense of freedom of a disembodied spirit.

★ Furious Gusts So furious had been the gusts,

that high buildings in town had had the lead stripped off their roofs; and in the country, trees had been tern up, and sails of windmills carried away; and gloomy accounts had come in from the coast, of shipwreck and death. Violent

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blasts of rain had accompanied these rages of wind.

★ A Gust of Wind A gust of wind moaned round

the house with an eerie sound like a northerner prowling among the tennis nets in England, jingling the rings.

★ Sea Breeze The sun had just set, the sea

breeze was rustling and tumbling in the woods, and ruffing the grey surface of the anchorage; the tide, too, was far out, and great tracts of sand lay uncovered.

★ Rain Clouds The rain clouds were not clouds,

but an infusion of the sky, and had now filled it entirely. The only light was a strand of green across the west, the color of the doe’s flesh with the venom on it.

★ White Clouds On the horizon was a row of

little white clouds, the only clouds in the sky, and they had a curious gaiety. They looked like a row of ballet girls dressed in white, waiting

at the back of the stage, alert and merry, for the curtain to go up.

★ After a Life-giving Rain The life-giving

rain had made every growing thing fresh and luxuriant. Birds sang everywhere. The trees and plants were explosions of fragrant blossoms. The reddish-brown, clinging mud underfoot was newly carpeted each morning, with the bright-colored petals and green leaves beaten loose by the rain of the night before.

★ Listening to the Rain at Night Lying spent

and adrift he listens again to the rain’s sound, which now and then quickens to a metallic rhythm on the window glass, quicker than the throbbing in the iron gutter, where ropes of water twist. ★ A Torrential Rain The rain was more

torrential than before. It poured down as though Juniper Creek and Silver Glen Run and Lake George and the St. John’s River had all emptied over the scrub at once. The wind was

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no fiercer than before, but it was gusty. And there was no end to it. It blew and rained and blew and rained and blew and rained. ★ An Expiring Storm The storm soon began to

pass upon its way. The shower greatly abated, the lightning ceased, the thunder rolled among the distant hills, and the sun began to glisten on the wet leaves and the falling rain. ★ A Rain Storm The change of wind came. The

gray sky turned green. The wind roared in from a distance, as before. When it came, it was mot from the northeast but from the southeast, and it brought more rain.

二、 植物描述

★ Roadside Sunflowers The road ran about

like a wild thing, avoiding the deep draws, crossing them where they were wide and shallow. And all along it, wherever it looped or ran, the sunflowers grew; some of them were as big as little trees, with great rough leaves and many branches which bore dozens of blossoms.

They made a gold ribbon across the prairie. Occasionally one of the horses would tear off with his teeth a plant full of blossoms, and walk along munching it, the flowers nodding in time to his bites as he ate down toward them. ★ Thick Grass The grass is rich and matted,

you can-not see the soil. It holds the rain and the mist, and they seep into the ground, feeding the streams in every kloof. It is well tended, and not too many cattle feed upon it, and not too many fires burn it, laying bare the soil. ★ Grass beside the Track The thick grass

beside the track, coarse and prickly with many burnings, hid can-ary-yellow buttercups and the mauve petals and woolly sagegreen coats of the pasque flowers. The branches of the kinnikinic brush were red and smooth as lacquer on a saki bowl. 三、 动物描述

★ A Female Dog The dog, who had sounded so

ferocious in the winter distances, was a female

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German shepherd. She had been borrowed that morning from a farmer. She had never been to war before. She had no idea what game was being played. Her name was Princess.

★ Facial Features of Monkeys Some were big

and red and ugly, -as ugly as you can possibly imagine, with blue faces and fiercely grinning teeth, others were delicately formed and sad of near and dear relations, and could by no means come at consolation; and some were small and pretty, with faces no bigger than a halfpenny.

★ A Red-bird A red-bird swung in an arc

across the sink-hole. It turned and dropped down to the pool, like a bright leaf falling. Seeing the boy, it whirred up and away. ★ A Curious Bird By-and-by a bird came with

a low, swift flight, its great tail spread open fanwise, and perched itself on an exposed bough not thirty yards from us. It was all of a chestnutred color, long-bodied, in size like

a big pigeon: its actions showed that its curiosity had been greatly excited, for it jerked from side to side, eyeing us first with one eye, then the other, while its long tail rose and fell in a measured way.

★ A Caged Bird A bird, in a cage very little

bigger than himself, makes a mournful rattle now and then in hoppingon his perch, two inches high, or dropping from it, but neither sings nor chirps.

五、人物描述

★ A Small Baby Girl Her third baby was a girl;

a doll baby with the same bright, beady eyes as her brother, the same high brown skin, the same soft curly hair. But she was too quiet like her mother. She seldom cried. Her eyes never wandered and her fingers did not stray. She was as small as a minnow and they named her Minna. ★ A Quiet Child PAUL would be built like his

mother, slightly and rather small. His fair

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hair went reddish, and then dark brown; his eyes were grey. He was a pale, quiet child, with eyes that seemed to listen, and with a full, dropping underlip.

★ A Melancholy Child The child was standing

about ten feet away, his face bloodless under the gray hat. His eyes were triumphantly cold. There was no light in them, no feeling, no interest. He was merely there, a small figure, waiting. Home was nothing to him.

★ A Good-looking Boy He was a good-looking

boy, if somewhat grim and stern, as is the fashion of the young who are not sure enough of themselves to relax. Over his forehead flopped a cow-lick of light, brown hair. He smoothed it back, but it fell into his left eye again the next minute.

★ A Child with a Good Appearance His eyes

were grey, his forehead was broad, and his face, even at that early age, clean cut as a cameo, without being pinched or thin. But perhaps his

most attractive point was his hair, which was pure gold in colour and tightly curled over his shapely head.

★ A Good-looking Boy he was an exceptionally

good-looking boy-a younger, softer edition of his father. He had the same dark eyes with innocently long, curling lashes that should have been inherited by Sarah; the same infectious smile and the eagerness to laugh at anything for the sake of laughing, and the same combination if naturally brown skin and very white teeth. His black hair grew in a widow’s peak like his father’s, though as yet not so pronounced. Guy Ritchie was a man who radiated charm as naturally as perspiration from every pore, and his son Denys looked like growing into the same ‘Damn good chap’ to men and ‘My dear, who is that attractive man?’ to women at parties.

★ A Vivacious and Talkative Boy Rob was an

energetic morsel of a boy, who seemed to have

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discovered the secret of perpetual motion, for he never was still. Fortunately, he was not mischievous, nor very brave; so he kept out of trouble pretty well, and vibrated between father and mother like an affectionate little pendulum with a lively tick, for Rob was a chatterbox.

★ A Mischievous Boy Ned Barker was like a

thousand other boys of fourteen, all legs, blunder, and bluster. Indeed, the family called him the “blunderbuss,” and always expected to see him tumble over the chairs, bump against the tables, and knock down any small articles near him. He bragged a good deal about what he could do, but seldom did anything to prove it, was not brave, and a little given to taletelling. He was apt to bully the small boys, and flatter the big ones, and without being at all bad, was just the sort of fellow who could very easily be led astray.

★ A skinny Boy He was a small, skinny boy,

his chin pointed, and his eyes so bright they had deceived Ralph into thinking him delightfully gay and wicked. The coarse mop of black hair was long and swung down, almost concealing a low, broad forehead. He wore the remains of shorts and his feet were bare like Jack’s.

★ A Natural Boy A child had appeared among

the palms, about a hundred yards along the beach. He was a boy of perhaps six years, sturdy and fair, his clothes torn, his face covered with a sticky mess of fruit, His trousers had been lowered for an obvious purpose and had only been pulled back half-way. He jumped off the palm terrace into the sand and his trousers fell about his ankles; he stepped out of them and trotted to the platform.

★ A Lovely Girl all the boys called her

beautiful. She was beautiful. Her eyes were brown, always hugely attentive; like her mouth,

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they lent her face at once an air of thoughtfulness and of inquisitiveness. Her lips, which were just full enough, seemed always slightly parted in a questioning way, as if asking a softly tolerant “Why?” of all those young men who from the time she could remember had hovered about her, their vague, anonymous voices always busy like dozens of bees. Her hair was dark brown and generally cut short so that it closely framed her face, and by the time she had reached twelve she had lost track of the number of small boys who bad asked her to marry them.

★ A Pleasant Looking and Bashful Young Man It

was a young man with light yellow hair and a little fair moustache, which made him appear almost boyish; he was light-complexioned and blue-eyed, and had a frank and pleasant look mingled with a curious bashfulness that made him blush when people spoke to him.

第十七章 流利纯正的口语表达

一、健康的心理和精神素质

说一口流利纯正的英语是所有英语学习者追求的目标。本来这并不是一件太难的事情，但由于我们国家上百年来英语教学方法的错误，使简单正常的语言学习变成了一件分析语法、死记单词和句型、忽略语音和表达的纯肢解性的、浩繁的工作，就好象建房子一样，各种材料都买来了，可就是没有把房子搭建起来。而且，材料越来越多，最后理不出头绪了。这种教学方法的失误是不能被原谅的，是应该在二十一世纪加以清算的，不能再让这种失误继续下去了。因为它已经产生了两方面严重的危害，首先是“哑吧英语”的结果；而“哑吧英语”的结果不仅未能给人当头棒喝，反而让人变本加利地追逐死记硬背，或者丧失学习信心。另外一个更加严

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重的后果就是，传统教学法以及由此衍生出来的种种强调模仿和记忆的误人子弟的所谓方法，严重败坏了学习者正常的心态──把本来很简单的东西搞得既神秘又很复杂。强调什么“长期的艰苦的努力”。使学习者丧失了作人治学所必须具备的“求知求真”、“唯美崇善”的理性和智慧。这种智慧的沦丧比“哑巴英语”的苦果更加可怕，它将非常严重地制约英语学习者作人和治学的进步！任何一门学问的获得其实都是一个追求真理的过程。“透过现象看本质，拔开迷雾见青天”本应是治学者应有的素质，在理想与现实之间搭桥是一个寻求科学的学习方法的过程，既需要良师指点，又少不得主观智慧的引导，两者相结合才能达到理想的彼岸。可很多求学者一听说《歌唱英语》在几个月内能让人说一口流利纯正的英语，便紧张万分地认为这不可能。不仅如此，还反复地追问，怎么可能？学不会怎么办？好像学习成了老师的事儿，与自己毫不相干！真奇怪这些人唯独不多问自己几个为什么。这是典型的智慧丧失的神经病表现，这类人还真不在少数。而有智慧的人却是另外一回事，他们的共同特点就是：首先绝对相信《歌唱英语》的独特的理论和方

法；其次就是绝对愿意接受它近乎苛刻的指导与训练。主观和客观一发生有效碰撞即产生成功的火花。所以《歌唱英语》对学员口语表达的首要条件就是必须认识到说一口流利纯正象唱歌一样好听的英语并不困难，但要经过特别的近乎苛刻的训练与指导，同时，在主观努力的基础上，沿着《歌唱英语》既定的方向是可以在几个月内速成的。但对那些疑神疑鬼的心理病态者，不用说是学外语，学什么都是白搭。因此，理性和智慧是《歌唱英语》对学员的首要要求。其实，它们也是人生成功的基本要求。

二、英语口语表达的学术要求

1、经过《歌唱英语》科学发声的苛刻训练和句子表达中的歌唱性、韵律、美感等方面的特别训练。 2、通过三个月的学习，达到2000个“积极性词汇”，其中有500到1000个左右的常用词汇量，并能按《歌唱英语》的要求获得它们并在培养时态的综合运用能力的基础上熟练的运用它们，而不是机械式的死记硬背。

3、能够熟练解决本书“语法”一章中的所有问题，并能熟练地运用它们。

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有了上述三方面的基础，那么你就能在与他人进行英语口语交流时保持如下正确的状态： 1、神态自然、大方、面带微笑，保持一种友好的姿态。

2、内紧外松，内紧是指气息调节深厚流畅，发声腔体自然放松，再调节到流利表述的状态。外松是指气质镇定自如。

3、永远不要担心出错，尤其是语法错误，听者并不是象你想象地那么在意。

4、永远别忘了见面互致问候，分手致祝愿。

三、日常英语口语表达模式：

《歌唱英语》对学员在生活中可能遇到的可作为交流话题的大部分内容总结出一个较系统的口语表达模式，这个模式所包涵的内容连同学员在受训的第三阶段，即培养英语思维阶段所练习的“老师引导讲故事”的内容一起全面包涵了生活中各个可能的方面，学员可根据这个模式及其表达方式来设计针对自己的答案。

有关培养英语思维的训练课程，是《歌唱英语》第三部分的内容，包括“老师引导讲故事；自言自

语说英语”，它的教学实况将以VCD专辑的形式另行出版。

另外，下面模式中的问题既相对，又可以互为一体。在实际运用中，需要你运用日常学习中学到的连接与转换方式把它们有机地结合起来。 再者，口语是随意简单而又丰富多彩的。下面这个口语表达模式只是在一个相对正式和相对高级的程度上提供一个让你展示自己驾驭英语口语能力的舞台。

1. BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT YOURSELF

What's your name? Or May I know your name? My name is Micheal Fisher.

Can you spell it? M-I-C-H-E-A-l F-I-S-H-E-R

How old are you? Or What's your age? I'm nearly 37.

When's your birthday?

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It's July the Fourth. American Independence Day.

Where were you born?

I was born in Aberdeen in the north-east of Scotland. Now it's famous as the centre of the North Sea Oil industry but, when I was a child, it was just a quiet fishing port.

2. FAMILY AND HOME

Have you got any brothers and sisters? I've got one brother who's seven years older than me. He's a zoologist and works in London. He's married a biochemist and they have two little boys.

What do your parents do?

I'm afraid my parents are both dead now but my father was a professor of geography in the University of Aberdeen. My mother was a

housewife after she was married. Before marrying she worked as a teacher. She also specialized in geography.

Where do you live?

I live with my husband in a small house in Cambridge.

Tell me about your house.

It's a small terraced house with a small garden at the front and a larger one at the back. On the ground floor, there is a sitting-room, a living-room and a large kitchen where we usually eat our meals. Upstairs there's a bathroom and three bedrooms. We use one of the bedrooms as a study. It's not a very big house but it always seems a happy little house and we are both very fond of it.

What about your own room?

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In a way I suppose all the rooms in the house are my own rooms and so let me tell you about my favourite room in the house which is the sitting-room. It's the one and only room in the house which is hardly ever untidy. So it's always quite a restful place to be. I like it especially because it has a coal fire, which I find much more cosy than central heating. There are lots of plants in the room and they also seem to do better in a room where there is an open fire rather than central heating. The walls of the room are white and the furnishings are either green or deep red. There isn't a lot of furniture in the room--just a table, a sideboard, a record-player, some chairs and, best of all, a chaise longue. It stands in the window bay and I love to lie on it, reading a good book and occasionally getting up to poke the fire or to change a record.

3. ENGLISH STUDY

How long have you been learning English? For about four years now although in the first year I had only one lesson a week.

How have you learnt English?

In my first year I had a private teacher. Then I was able to join a course at my local college. I've been going to this course for two hours twice a week for the last three years. I've also learnt a lot by listening to the BBC World Service broadcasts in English and by subscribing to one or two magazines for foreign learners of English.

What do you find most difficult about English? I find a lot of things very difficult. I think prepositions are perhaps

are perhaps one of the hardest problems for me. Then pronunciation and spelling are dreadful too. I've learnt a lot of words by listening

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to radio but then when I read those words I don't recognize them. G-A-O-L is a good example of a word I'd learnt by hearing it and then couldn't understand what it could be when I saw it in a newspaper. Also I never know when to use 'make' and when to use 'do'. In spite of all these problems, I still love English and want to learn it as I possibly can.

Why do you want to learn English?

For lots of different reasons. I don't use English in my work now but I think I may need it in the future if I want to get a better job. Also I love traveling and today you can make yourself understood almost anywhere in the world with English. Through English you can get to know people from all over the world. I also love reading and have read quite a few English or American authors in my own language. I'd like to read them in the original too, if possible.

I'm going to continue going to classes twice a week but I'm also going to try to read a lot more English. We've got quite a good library near my home and it's got several shelves of English books which I can borrow. My aim is to read them all. I'm also saving as hard as I can and hope to have enough money to do a language course in English-speaking country next year.

4. WORK OR SCHOOL

What do you do?

I'm a teacher. I teach English to foreign students in a large new language school in Cambridge.

Describe your typical day.

I generally get up at about seven and do some marking. Then I have breakfast and go to work. I walk to work and it takes me about fifteen minutes. I teach all day. Classes finish at a

quarter past four. Then we sometimes have a staff meeting or often the teachers just sit in the staffroom chatting over a cup of coffee until five or so. In the evenings my husband and I often have friends round or go to visit people ourselves. We also often drive out into the country for a breath of fresh air and a little walk last thing at night.

What do you like and what do you dislike about your work or school?

I very much enjoy meeting the students I teach. They are all adults and every class has a wide range of nationalities, occupations and attitudes in it. It means we can have varied and interesting discussions in class and I feel that I learn a lot every day too. My students are most always

keen to learn English and this makes teaching them a very pleasant job. I also enjoy the

company of my colleagues. I don't like marking although I know it's important.

Have you always done the same job?

No, although I've been in this job for seven years now. My first job after leaving university was in a boy's grammar school. I had to try to teach them French, German and Russian. German and Russian were all right because I had small classes of kids who were reasonably motivated to learn. French was dreadful. All the boys had to learn French and most of them thought it was a waste of time. The main aim of my lessons was to prevent the pupils from being so noisy that the teacher in the next room came in to complain. After that I worked as an auxiliary nurse in a hospital for a few months. That was a lot more peaceful than the school and I had almost decided to train as a nurse when I had a chance of a temporary research job at Cambridge University. When that came to an

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end, I found a summer job at a language school, enjoyed it very much and here I still am.

What do you plan to do in the future? It's difficult to say. Sometimes I think I'd like to write a great novel. Then I decide I'd prefer to write textbooks for foreign students. Often I feel I'd like to go and teach abroad. Probably, I'll just stay where I am for another year or two and then make a decision.

5. LEISURE

What is your favourite sport?

I'm not very good at any sport because I'm very short-sighted. I always hated team games at school because I always let my team down by dropping the ball at the wrong moment. But I enjoy more individual sports like hill-walking or swimming.

How do you play your favourite sport?

The most important thing for hill-walking is to have sensible clothing. You must have strong comfortable boots and warm, waterproof clothing. A padded anorak is a good idea because it is very light but still keeps you warm and dry. Then you must have good maps and you must know how to read them properly.

Do you play a musical instrument?

No. I'm afraid I can't. I'd really like to learn how to play the piano mow but I suppose I'm too old.

What kind of music do you like?

I enjoy all kinds of music. There are lots of classical music concerts in the town where I live and I enjoy going to those. At home I like listening to records of folk music. I also like some pop music very much although I don't often buy pop records. I prefer to listen to them on the radio.

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What else do you like to do in your spare time? Recently I don't seem to have had a lot of spare time but, whenever I do have any, I like spending it with friends at home. I enjoy cooking and trying out new recipes. I also read a great deal.

6. BOOKS AND FILMS

Who is your favourite author?

I don't really have one favourite author. I like all kinds of different people. Depending on my mood. I think there are a lot of good women writers in Britain at the moment. Margaret Drabble, Beryl Bainbridge and Iris Murdoch, for example. I particularly like Margaret drabble because she writes about a world that I find familiar and she seems to describe it in just the right way.

What have you been reading recently?

I've just finished a novel by David Lodge called Small World. I found it very amusing. It's about the life of university academics in the 1980s and it describes how they spend much of their time going from conference to conference around the world. David Lodge is a professor of English and so I suppose he knows the 'small world' he's describing. He writes in a very humorous and clever way, I think.

Do you prefer reading or watching television? I very much prefer reading. Television is good if I feel very tired and too lazy to pick up a book. That's when I watch soap operas and must admit that I quite enjoy them. I think there are quite a few good programmes on TV. Sometimes there are excellent plays or films. But on the whole reading is a much more satisfying thing to do.

What kind of films do you like?

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I like films that entertain me but which also have something to say. Good examples of that kind of film are, I think, Gallipoli and Oh What a Lovely War. I can't stand films that are full of pointless violence or films that are pretentious. I find cowboy films boring and I'm not too keen on science fiction either.

Tell me the story of a film that you've seen recently.

The last film I saw was The Killing Fields which is about the war in

Cambodia. It is an anti-war film showing the dreadful suffering of the ordinary Cambodian people. It is the true story of an American journalist and his Cambodian interpreter. The journalist is horrified by US involvement in the war and he tries to write the truth about what is happening. He helps his interpreter's family to leave the country just before the situation becomes very serious. Eventually he

has to leave the country himself and he tries to take his interpreter with him. Their attempts fail but several years later his interpreter dose manage to reach the USA and rejoin his family there.

7. HOLIDAYS AND TRAVEL

How did you spend your summer holidays last year?

I spent my summer holidays with my husband in Scotland. We went up there by car and toured all round, going up the west coast right to the most northern point of the mainland. It was wonderful although our car was very old and only just made it up some of the very steep and narrow roads that we came across. The weather was perfect and we had magnificent views of mountains, lakes and islands. I hope we can go back there again soon.

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Have you ever been to an English-speaking country?

Yes, I've been both to Britain and the United States. I found it much easier to understand British English than American English but I enjoyed both places. I particularly liked the Lake District and Wales in Britain and in the USA I found New York a very exciting place to be.

Tell me about the most memorable holiday you have ever spent.

That's a difficult question. I seem to have had a lot of memorable holidays. I suppose that one of the holidays I'll never forget was my first holiday abroad. We went to Iceland when I was just eight years old. It took two or three days to get there by ship and I loved the journey. Iceland was also a very exciting place for a child to visit. I remember the fields of lava, the geysers, the very smelly pools of boiling

mud, the little ponies, the dried fish to chew and all sorts of other interesting things.

Tell me about your journey to work or school every day.

I walk to work which gives me a chance to wake up properly and to get mentally prepared for the day. If I'm in good time I take a slightly longer route and walk through the Botanical Gardens. That is always a nice way to begin the day particularly in spring when there are new things to notice every day.

How did you come here today?

I came by bus. The bus was late and I was afraid that I wasn't going to get here on time but, thank goodness, it eventually came and I got here with a quarter of an hour to spare. 8. FOOD

What's your favourite meal?

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Without doubt, it's curry. I love Indian food and I could easily eat at an Indian restaurant every day--if I had enough money. My favourite meal starts with Shami Kebab, followed by Chicken Tikka and then, if I have enough room, a bowl of lychees.

What do you think of English food?

It's very much better than I expected. English food is a joke in my country. Everyone always says it's terrible, quite tasteless. But my Landlady makes very nice food and we have something different every day. The only thing I really can't get used to is a green salad without any dressing.

What is a typical meal from your country? My country is Scotland and a typical meal from there is soup with lots of meat and vegetables. It's such a filling soup that you don't have

any room for anything afterwards except for just a piece of fruit or a light milk pudding.

What do people drink in your country? The national Scottish drink is whisky and Scottish people drink a lot of whisky. They drink it neat, not with water or ice as English people have it. They also drink a lot of beer.

What did you have for dinner last night? I had some fried rice with mushrooms and onions and some barbecued spare ribs. Afterwards I had an apple and a cup of black coffee. It was the first time that I'd tried to cook spare ribs and they tasted very good, though I say it myself.

9.WEATHER

Lovely day today, isn't it? Yes, isn't it beautiful!

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What's the weather like today?

It's quite chilly, much colder than yesterday. It isn't raining but the sky is covered in grey clouds and I'm sure it'll rain later on. Still, the weather forecast for tomorrow is good. They say it's going to get warm again.

What's the weather like in your country? It's a bit like the weather in England but a bit colder. It's very changeable. YOU never know for sure what the weather's going to be like from one day to the next. In winter we usually have snow which lies for about a month. It doesn't ever get really hot in summer but it can be very pleasant. We have quite a lot of rain all year round, particularly on the west coast.

What do you think of British weather?

I quite like it particularly in spring and autumn. I'd prefer it if it were a little hotter in summer and a little colder in winter but at least it's never boring. You never know quite what to expect.

What is your favourite season?

I like autumn best of all. It's so beautiful watching the trees gradually changing colour and I love shuffling through a carpet of autumn leaves. Mind you, other seasons are good too. Winter is nice when there's snow. Spring is beautiful with its wonderful fresh greenness and new flowers. And summer is a lovely relaxing time of year with marvellous long evenings when you can sit outside until quite late at night.

10．DESCRIBINGPEOPLE

Tell me about your closest friend.

I have several close friends but one of them is an Australian girl who has spent quite a lot

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of time in this country but has now

unfortunately gone back home. We keep in touch by letter and I hope she'll come back here soon. She is a very pretty girl, with dark curly hair, fair skin and big grey eyes. She's one of the kindest people I know and she'd do anything to help anyone else. She also has a very strong sense of fun and somehow always manages to bring a room to life whenever she's in it.

Have you got a hero?

I don't know if hero is the right word but I admire my mother more than anyone else I know. She is totally unselfish and always loving and giving to all around her. She is often in considerable pain but never complains and always manages to find the good side of a situation. She supports me in everything I do and I am very grateful to her for all she's done for me and the rest of our family.

What do you think an ideal teacher should be like?

I think the ideal teacher must like and respect all his (or her) students. If he doesn't like a particular student, he must be very careful not to let this show. He must be able to explain things very clearly and mustn't lose patience when students find things difficult. He must enjoy teaching and must be interested in trying new ways of helping his students to learn. A sense of humour is quite a useful quality for a teacher too, I think.

What would your ideal husband or wife be like? He would be understanding, considerate, intelligent, dependable and pleasant to be with. He'd accept me for what I am with all my faults He doesn't have to be handsome or rich although I suppose that I wouldn't mind if he were!

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11.YOUR COUNTRY OR TOWN

What's your hometown like?It's a beautiful city in the northeast of Scotland. Most of the buildings are made of granite and they sparkle in the sunlight-although I must admit they also look rather grey and depressing in the rain. We have a marvellous beach there-it's long and sandy. If only the climate were better, we'd be a major international holiday resort. There were about two hundred thousand inhabitants in Aberdeen. Many of them are now employed in the oil industry but fishing is also still fairly important. There is also a very old university in Aberdeen and a very good teaching hospital.

What kind of agriculture does your country have?

We grow wheat and other cereals. Soft fruits are important too. We also grow vegetables like potatoes and carrots. We also have a lot of

animals on our family, particularly cattle and sheep. The cows give very good beef and the sheep are used for both meat and wool.

What dose your country produce in its factories?

Whisky is probably our most important export and we have lots of whisky distilleries in Scotland. Woollen goods are another big export. Most Scottish industry is in the south of the country and there are all sorts of factories there, producing cans, machine tools, furniture, food products and all sorts of other things.

Is your country a good one for tourists? Yes, it's a very popular country with tourists. It's not so good for people who like nightlife and expensive restaurants, but it's ideal for those who enjoy magnificent scenery.

What is the school system like in your country?

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It's quite complicated as it varies very much from region to region. Throughout the country, however, children start school at five and must stay there until they're ten or eleven and then they go on to a secondary school. In secondary school they usually specialize quite a lot. At about thirteen, for example, a child has to choose whether he or she wants to concentrate on science or arts subjects. It's possible but quite difficult to change courses later on. To go to university involves staying at school until you're eighteen and taking exams in the three or four subjects that you've specialized in.

12. OPINIONS ON TOPICAL SUBJECTS

Tell me about one story in the news just now. One story we've been reading a lot about recently is the case of a mother who agreed to give birth for a couple who desperately wanted a child but the wife was unable to have a baby.

An agency organized things and both the agency and the mother received a lot of money from the couple. Some people argue that it is totally unethical for a baby to be born in this way and they feel the couple should not be allowed to take the baby. I feel very sorry for the couple and think they should be allowed to keep the child. But it does seem wrong that an agency should make a lot of money out of such a situation.

What are the main problems in your country at the moment?

I'm afraid we have a lot of problems in our country at the moment. Unemployment is probably the most serious one. More and more people are unable to find work. This is giving rise to all sorts of other social problems. Crimes of theft and violence are increasing at a very rapid rate. More and more people have problems with drugs or drink. I don't think that

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these problems can possibly be solved until there is work for everyone who wants it.

If you were president or prime minister of your country, what would you do?

I think I'd probably resign immediately. I really would hate to be actively involved in politics although I love talking about current affairs. It's very easy to say what's wrong but quite a different matter to find a solution.

What do you think of the current political situation in Great Britain?

I think Britain is facing a particularly difficult time at the moment. The country has very serious economic and social problems, not to mention the political problems of Northern Ireland. I think that there have to be a lot of changes in the organization of the country before the situation can improve significantly.

Yes, I do. I think it's very easy to romanticize life in the past and to imagine that everything was peaceful and carefree a hundred years ago. But in fact life was very hard then for the majority of people. Work conditions were bad for many people. Medicine wasn't as advanced as it is now and life expectancy was very much shorter. Cultural and travel opportunities are far greater now than they ever used to be. Of course, we have problems now that were undreamed of in the past, but, all things considered, I think life is very definitely better now than it used to be.

希望《歌唱英语》的学员们能够根据这个模式的经典表达方式来学习和领会英语口语表达的习惯和魅力，使自己在与人交谈时能最大限度地运用这种习惯和魅力，这才是我们的追求所在！

最后，需要再次强调的是，一定要用《歌唱英语》的发声和朗读技巧，从气泡音开始一直过渡到

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高声朗读，最后能达到象歌唱一样流利纯正地背诵。这样，当我们在实际生活中遇到象同类型的问题时，只需加入自己的内容，充分利用这个表达和思维模式，就能实现有意义的口语交流。就能跨跃“哑巴英语”和“嗑巴英语”难关。

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所以从那时起，我就立志只打十年工。因为能有机会从名牌大学毕业也就意味着本人具备了作学问的基础，十年的专业工作经验更使我具备了作学问的能力。如果这时候还不把作学问放在第一位，而仅仅是为了一个“饭碗”去无谓地耗费自己有限的能量，对于一个名牌大学毕业生来说是极大的浪费。尤其是象我这样在名师郭淑珍教授的指点下，已经找到了学术研究的方向和突破口的人来说，如果还继续陷在复杂的人事坑里，而不是创造一种自由、宽松、清静、适于学术研究的环境，就更是一种非常可惜的事情。因为企业毕竟不是作学问的地方。大亚湾核电站培养了我的能力，丰富了我的思想，但是，它解决不了我的追求，更无法让我实现我的抱负和理想；它更不是作学问的地方。“溜须拍马”“求官发财”也许更有市场，所以在那里工作的十年，是积累的十年，更是痛苦的十年。要不是因为女儿尚小，恐怕我早就有所选择了。胡适大师的教诲让我在工作十年之后再做选择有了精神的

后 记

《歌唱英语》诞生以后，很多人都问我：为什么非要以辞去人人羡慕的外事翻译职位这种断绝退路的方式，而不是利用工作之余进行研究。我的表现曾使得我原单位的很多人以为我的神经有毛病。在此我愿意坦白我的思想，也是到了可以坦白的时候了。

记得大学毕业前，我的母校南开大学外文系的党支部吕守儒女士在征求我毕业分配意见时，提醒我读一读著名学者胡适先生对上海中国公学十八年级同学的毕业赠言。胡适先生是这样讲的：不要抛弃学问。吃饭而不求学问，三年五年之后你们都要被淘汰掉的。你的最大责任是把你这块材料铸造成器。学问便是铸器的工具。抛弃了学问便是毁了你自己。你们的母校眼睁睁地有看你们十年之后成什么器！

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支柱。古今中外多少人都是因为在适当的时候有了适当的想法并做出了适当的选择而成就事业的。

从考上南开大学至今，已有十八个年头了。使我倍感欣慰的是这是我刻苦学习的十八年，是我不懈追求的十八年。尤其是我对声乐艺术那种“咬定青山不放松”的追求与钻研精神，每每都让我激动不已。我深深知道如果不把声乐技巧搞清搞透，并形成一整套可以速成的理论，特别是方法，我的英语口语技巧的研究就不会有可以攻玉的它山之石，也就不可能研究出有较深厚理论基础和较高学术价值并能经受实践检验，体现真正令人满意的社会效果的成果来。所以，尽管我在学习声乐技巧的过程中，遭遇过各种各样的误解和阻碍，但是我从未有过一丝半点的放弃。遍访名师苦心学艺曾令多少名家感动不已；半夜练声闻鸡起舞曾叫我的学生们彻夜不眠！

在此我愿意借本书出版的机会，向著名歌唱家王昆老师、著名词曲作家傅庚辰老师、吕远老师、

著名歌唱家张越男老师表示诚挚的问候和衷心的感谢！特别是在国际上著名的歌唱艺术家、声乐教育家郭淑珍教授和我有着亲密的忘年之交。在此我想对她说：尊敬的老师，您是爱的化身。爱，使您成为您学生的再生之母！您对我的关心、您对我的爱护、您对我的鼓励和支持一直是我克服困难不断追求真理的动力！您是我心中老师形象的榜样和偶像，我一定象您一样爱自己的学生，不仅仅教他们学习专业知识，而且还要教会他们做人的知识和道理。记得您曾经要求别人向我学习如何做人，我当时是多么的惭愧同时又是多么的高兴啊！是的，您说得对，无论学艺还是学习其它专业都需要先学习做人的学问。在我看来做人的学问是在追求真善美这个大原则范围内，必须具备谦虚谨慎、尊师爱人、追求进步的品德。否则学业是难以精进的。尊敬的郭淑珍教授，我对您的爱和感激是永远的和无限的！

我是个从小就有着“天才”和“神童”美誉，并且因此承受过较多磨难从而变得不太安分守纪的

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“爱折腾的人”。我还要向我少年时代的两位恩师表示我崇高的敬意。一位是杨玉兰女士，在我遭受磨难的年月里是她不顾自己“右派”身份，顶着压力坚持认为应该让我尽快重返课堂。她多次偷偷地给我送来她自己种的红红的西红柿和她能找到的小说等书籍。杨玉兰女士的思想和言行始终闪耀着人性中理性的光辉，她崇高的人格力量就象幽雅的玉兰花香，沁入我幼小的心田。她自己身上背着“右派”的黑锅，却敢于坚持真理，处惊不变，临危不惧，乐观向上，充满爱心。给逆境中的我产生了深远的影响。她是我第一位真正意义上的老师。另一位同样值得我用生命来答谢的真正意义上的老师是杨瀚文女士，她是我重返课堂后的第一任班主任。她自己因为患过肺结核而受到地方的民办教师的冷落和歧视，但她仍然以无比的爱心，顶着重重阻力坚持要为我恢复名誉。杨瀚文老师后来因为我而遭受排挤，随丈夫一道回到了家乡江西赣州。我再也没有见到过她，我的思念随着我的成长郁积在

我的心头，我多么想亲自握着她的手对她说：老师，谢谢您！

还有一位恩师叫俞桂平，在我研究和实验《歌唱英语》的几年里，她不顾自己体弱多病，不仅在精神上、物质上、经济上给我最大限度的支持和援助，而且还把自己一个十八岁的儿子张昊送到了我的农庄，为我做饭、洗衣和照顾我的日常生活。她为《歌唱英语》的诞生付出了她的所有。

还有两位年轻人也为《歌唱英语》作出了宝贵的贡献。一位叫郭力文，这个言语不多、心地善良、办事稳重的辽宁小伙，在我创办金墩文化庄园之初，停薪留职来帮助我进行农庄的基础建设，忍受了我许多莫明其妙的臭脾气。另一位叫蔡东林，这位来自江西莲花的小老表，本来是想到农庄来跟我学歌唱技巧的，没想到他来后就再也没有离开过我。他见证了我在农庄学习研究和实验教学的全过程，并且和张昊一起承担起了后勤服务的重要责任。同时，也接受了我极端严格和苛刻的人生成长的必要训

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练。我很高兴的是，他们都会随着《歌唱英语》的诞生和发展走向人生成功的历程。

王杰和崔桂菊夫妇俩为支持《歌唱英语》的研究和实验教学，拿出了他们仅有的七万元积蓄。即使在他们非常困难的时候，也没有向我提出还钱的要求。他们的友情鞭策我不断前进。

我有一个干姐姐叫钟双玉，这位当年镇文化站的图书管理员，让我免费读了许多的好书。在我辞去公职后，她又拿出自己仅有的三万元积蓄，做我学习和研究的经费。当年那位年轻漂亮的姐姐，十八年后已人到中年了。但在我这个弟弟的眼中，她永远如花似玉。

在我人生的岁月里，有很多很多的老师、长辈为了我的健康成长付出了无比的爱心。南开大学原常务副校长王文俊教授殷切地希望我不仅在英语研究中取得成绩，而且在音乐创作上为母校争光，我时刻谨记他的嘱托。还有我在核电的老上级现在广州的电力专家梁汉超先生、我在外事处的老现

居北京的徐秀华女士，都对我的事业和理想产生过积极的影响。我以一个学生和他们的儿子的身份感谢他们的教导。

把我视为己出的是我母亲的堂妹，一个默默地为教育事业奉献一生的普通小学教师。是她和她的丈夫周家才老师，还有她的老母亲──我的婶外婆，为了不让我的天才被那个恐怖的环境所扼杀，二话没说就答应了我的请求，把我转到她所任教的学校读书。环境的改变加上她们无微不至的关怀，使我的聪明才智得到了淋漓尽致的发挥。没有她们的鼎力相助和无私的支持，我肯定不会有今天。她们是我坎坷人生路上的一方绿洲，是我青春焕发的生命驿站。我一直认为她们的胸怀是我起飞的港湾。

在我的生命中还有一些默默无闻的生活在我们社会最底层至今仍需要我不断给予周济的人们，他们是我命运中的保护神，他们曾在我最困难的时刻，用他们各自不同的方式向我提供物质和精神的庇护。可以说，没有他们向我伸出双手的话，很难

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想象我能最终度过难关获得新生。他们是：我的干姨李德雨女士，她是在我受尽侮辱时唯一一个对我表示同情并提供实际保护的非知识女性。她不仅亲自为我到处进行无罪的呼吁，而且还要求她的儿女们，尤其是与我同年的大儿子不能与别人一起欺负我，并且尽可能的保护我。在自己的亲生父母都讨厌我的时候，李德雨女士以她深沉的爱心和侠肝义胆为我遮挡风雨。我的义父母蒋守祥老夫妇对我呵护有加，当我考上随州市第一中学读高中时，二老居然让中考落选的义兄，拉了满满一车口粮买了供我求学。我还有一个传奇的故事，故事中的主人公是今年已九十高龄的老太太，她的名字我一直不清楚，因我从来都是称她为奶奶的。老奶奶在我八三年参加高考前一直靠买废纸为生，偶尔到我读书的学校来买点儿热菜汤。此前我与她素不相识，可她居然在与我仅有一面之缘后，为我送了一个多月的热菜，而且都是我平时及难吃到的腊肉鸡蛋之类的高档营养品。直到我考上南开大学。而她直到现在

只有一句话来解释为什么要那么做，她说她长了“后眼睛”。

我深知千言万语难以表达我对爱我的人们的感激，我唯有不断努力、不断进步，多为社会做贡献，才能报答他们对我的养育和期望。如果我仅仅为自己的安逸和享受而活着，无疑是可耻的、没有良心的行为。

除心存无限感激之外，我还想就本速成教学法多说几句心里话。

目前，社会上流传着多种英语语言教学法，我对我的这些同行充满敬意。但毋须讳言的是，这些教学法创新的地方实在太少，都未能从生理乃至心理上突破难关，他们共同的失误就是强调模仿，然而无情的事实却是，发声技巧成了模仿的障碍。不首先解决英语的发声技巧问题，就不可能真正模仿得到一口流利纯正的英语，尤其是学了十几年英语，

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错误的发声根深蒂固的人们，强调模仿和多听多说的传统教学法更是为力以至于国人始终摆脱不了“哑巴英语”和“磕巴英语”的尴尬结果。无情的现实表明，二十一世纪的中国亟待一部能够完全彻底解决英语口语发声的所有问题的速成教学法面世，并能抛开“赚钱第一”的商业原则，本着科学的、务实的精神，为提高我国的外语教学水平，提高国民的整体外语水平作出贡献。这就需要天才的思想和创造性的行为，也需要不怕牺牲的精神和勇气，才能冲破百年来所形成的传统教学模式和思维定势的束缚。

然而，我并不因为自己创立了一门融合了多门学科而又具相对性的崭新学问而有一丝半点的沾沾自喜。尽管这一崭新学问不但可以带来英语和歌唱教学的性进步，而且还将带来母语口语表音的科学化。相反，我为国人在近百年的英语教学实践中，对最基本的发声技巧的忽略而倍感悲哀。它折射出中华民族人性中缺乏追根求源、满足于一

知半解和避重就轻、贪小便宜吃大亏的弱点和劣根性。学问上如此，做人更是如此。很少有人去探求做人的根本，或者把它们看作是宗教的义务和责任。我为此深感无比的羞愧和愤怒！尤其是当外国友人善意地对我说：“你们中国人最大的问题是，什么都做，什么都做不好！”曾让我深受刺激。我曾在实验教学中不止一次地质问：当你们满口喷着令人恶心的“洋滨泾英语“的时候，难道没有意识到是多么地难听？难道连起码的模仿能力都没有吗？记得有一篇英语文章《The Purpose of School》，告知人们教育的首要目的是要学会如何学习；这样离开学校后，我们才能继续学习。一个真正会学习的人将永远都是成功者。因为无论何时遇到他以前没做过的事，他会很快教会他自己用最好的办法完成它。而没有教养的人要么无法完成，要么做得很糟糕。因此上学的目的，不仅仅是学习语言、算术、地理等科目，而且应该教会学生学习的方法。从英语和歌唱来说，连老师都很少有搞清学习方法的，

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更何况逞能去教会学生学习的方法呢！外语和声乐技巧教学惨遭“滑铁卢”，应由几代教育者承担全部的责任。值得每一个外语和声乐教育工作者深刻反省并向历史！不能再误人子弟了！不能再贻害社会了！外语和声乐教学是这样，难道其它的学科的教学会叫人乐观吗？绝对不会！所以，当我们说教学改革和素质教育时，我们总是把教会学生正确的学习方法和培养学生学习的心态放在一边，而把另一种形式的“填鸭式”灌输强加给学生。这是值得全社会警惕的。学生在义务教育阶段就没有学到正确的学习方法，难道上了大学学习方法会从天上掉下来吗！

发明科学的学习方法，创立有关学习方法的学问，降低学习的门槛，提高学习的效率，是每一个关心国家和民族前途命运的人义不容辞的责任。同时，每一个中国人都要时刻扪心自问：当我做每一件事的时候，我真的把它十全十美地作好了吗？

作为“”后成长起来的大学生，是党和人民用助学金帮助我完成了大学学业，使我有能力成为外交战线上的一员。我对生我养我的祖国、对我的母校南开大学有着无尽的依恋和难以言表的深沉感激。她给我欢乐，给我痛苦，给我智慧，给我灵魂。使我对人类充满了同情、怜悯和终极关怀。更使我对人性的弱点和劣根性充满了痛恨。同时，我对祖国母亲的未来和前途怀有深深的忧患意识。我为我能有某种程度的自我超越深感庆幸，同时我又为我是人类的一员而不可避免地具有人性的弱点而倍感羞愧。我惟有不断磨砺自己、超越自我。我也深切地期望所有的中国人都能这么作!

我把我的思想，我的荣耀，连同我的生命一起，归功于我的祖国母亲。如果我真是一个“天才”，那么是祖国的甘苦荣辱造就了我，是祖国那慈爱的双手拂去蒙在我心头的尘垢，才使这块“金子”得以闪光！在我的人生路上，我得到的太多，付出的太少，总想为这个社会的进步与发展多作贡献。总