上海牛津英语高三一模C篇汇编(含重点词汇以及长难句解析)

【闵行区】

(C)

The recession (衰退) of 2008-09 was remarkable in rich countries for its intensity, the

following recovery for its weakness. The labour market has also broken the rules, as new research from the OECD, a think-tank of mainly rich countries, shows in its annual Employment Outlook.

Young people always suffer in recessions Employers stop hiring them; and they often get rid of new recruits because they are easier to dismiss. But in previous episodes, such as the recessions of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, older workers were also kicked off. This time is different. During the financial crisis in 2008 and since, they have done better than other age groups.

The researchers focus on movements in “non-employment” as a share of the total population in three age groups between the final quarters of 2007 and 2012. This measure has the advantage of including not just unemployment, where people are looking for work, but also inactivity, where people are not seeking jobs. Whereas the average non-employment rate in the OECD has risen by four percentage points among young people and by one-and-a-half points among 25-to -year-olds, it has fallen by two points among the 55- age group.

Why have older employees done so well? In some southern European countries they benefit from job protection not afforded to younger workers, but that did not really help them in past recessions. What has changed, says Stefano Scarpetta, head of the OECD’s employment directorate, is that firms now bear the full costs of getting rid of older staff. In the past, early-retirement policies provided by governments (in the mistaken belief that these would help young people) made it cheaper to push grey-haired workers out of the door. These have largely stopped.

Many will argue that older workers have done better at the expense of the young. That view is wrongheaded. First, it is a fallacy that a job gained for one person is a job lost for another; there is no fixed amount of work. And second, as the report shows, young and old people are by and large not substitutes in the workplace. They do different types of work in different types occupations: younger people are keen on IT films, for example, whereas older folk tend to be employed in more traditional industries. There are plenty of things that should be done to help the young jobless, but kicking older workers out of the workplace is not one of them.

63.By saying “The labor market has also broken the rules”, the author means ______. A. younger employees were protected by the government.

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B. young employees suffered moderation in labour market. C. old employees suffered very little in the labour market. D. The recession has little impact on labour market.

.What do you know about “early-retirement policies” mentioned in the 4 paragraph? A. They proved to be little use and nearly no longer in effect. B. They have effectively helped young employees. C. They financially supported the elderly people.

D. They have gain popular it in southern European countries.

65.The word “fallacy”(in the last paragraph)probably means”_____ “. A. common belief B. wrong concept. B. acceptable assumption D. wise statement

66.Which of the following might the author agree with?

A. Early-retirement policies should have been well adopted by governments. B. Young people should be encouraged into traditional industries.

C. Supportive polices should be made to help elderly people when crisis occurs. D. Old people ‘s remaining in jobs necessary threaten young people’s jobs.

答案：63. C . A 解析

1. 推断题：根据文章第二段第三、四、五句 But in previous episodes, such as the recessions of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, older workers were also kicked off. This time is different. During the financial crisis in 2008, and since, they have done better than other age groups. 可知，但在以往时期，比如上世纪70年代、80年代和90年代的经济衰退中，老员工也被解雇了。这次的

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65. B 66. D

情况有所不同。在2008年金融危机期间以及之后，他们（老员工）的表现都比其他年龄段的人要好。由此可推知，“劳动力市场也打破了规则”指的就是老员工在劳动力市场上受的影响很小，这和过去的情况有所不同。故C项正确。A项，“年轻员工受到的保护”。文章并未提及，不符合文意。故A项错误。B项，“年轻员工在劳动力市场受到的冲击较小”。根据文章第二段第一句 Young people always suffer in recessions. 可知，年轻人总是在经济衰退中受影响。故B项错误。D项，“经济衰退对劳动力市场几乎没有影响”。根据文章第二段第一、二句 Young people always suffer in recessions. Employers stop hiring them, and they often get rid of new recruits because they are easier to dismiss. 可知，年轻人总是在经济衰退中受苦。雇主不再雇佣他们，而且他们经常解雇新员工，因为他们更容易被解雇。由此可知，经济衰退对劳动力市场，尤其是年轻员工影响更大。故D项错误。故正确答案为C。

2. 细节题：根据文章第四段倒数第一、二句 In the past, early-retirement policies provided by governments (in the mistaken belief that these would help young people) made it cheaper to push grey-haired workers out of the door. These have largely stopped. 可知，过去，提供的提前退休（错误地认为这些会帮助年轻人）降低了把白发工人赶出公司的成本。这些基本上已经停止。由此可知，事实证明，它们（提前退休）用处不大，几乎不再有效。 故正确答案为A。

3. 推断题：根据文章最后一段第二句 That view is wrongheaded. 可知，那种观点是错误的。由此可推知，下文在解释这种观点的不对之处，错误的第一点就是认为一个人找到工作就意味着另一个人失去了工作，（实际上）不存在固定的工作量。由此可推知，fallacy 与“错误的观念”是近义词，fallacy 意为“谬论”，故B项正确。A项，“共同的信念”，C项，“可接受的假设”，D项，“明智的声明”，均不符合文意。故正确答案为B。

4. 推断题：根据文章最后一段第一、二句 Many will argue that older workers have done better at the expense of the young. That view is wrongheaded. 可知，许多人会说，年长的员工（在经济衰退中）做得更好是以牺牲年轻员工为代价的。那种观点是错误的。由此可推知，作者会赞成的观点是：老年人继续工作并不一定会威胁到年轻人的工作。故D项正确。A项，“提前退休本应得到的广泛采纳”，B项，“应该鼓励年轻人进入传统行业”，C项，“当危机发生时，应该制定扶持来帮助老年人”，文章并未提及，不符合文意。 故正确答案为D。

词汇积累：recession 衰退 remarkable卓越的 intensity强度、强烈 recovery恢复 think-tank智囊团 Employment Outlook就业前景 recruits征募 dismiss解雇 episodes插曲 whereas然而 directorate董事会 grey-haired workers老员工

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wrongheaded固执的 fallacy谬论 substitutes替补、替代品 occupations职业 folk民族、人们 moderation适度、温和

长难句：1、The recession (衰退) of 2008-09 was remarkable in rich countries for its intensity, the following recovery for its weakness.

2、The labour market has also broken the rules, as new research from the OECD, a think-tank of mainly rich countries, shows in its annual Employment Outlook.

【浦东区】

(C)

One of the features of a successful business is its ability to employ creativity to constantly push into new territory. Without growth and innovation, businesses eventually fade away. Those with staying power, however, have mastered an often-overlooked factor that allows them to focus on the future clearly: empathy(共情). While that may surprise many, I am certain that the ability to connect with and relate to others—empathy in its purest form—is the force that moves businesses forward.

Though the concept of empathy might go against the modern concept of a traditional workplace—competitive, the reality is that for business leaders to experience success, they need to not just see or hear the activity around them, but also relate to the people they serve.

Some may think they want the results from doggedly(顽强地) pursuing their goals without much thought for other people. This attitude works for some, but at some point—often sooner rather than later—everyone needs to rely on their relationships and established personal and professional connections. These relationships are the product of taking an honest and dedicated interest in others and their businesses. Successful people do not operate alone; each of us needs the support of others to achieve positive results that push us toward our goals. True empathy combines understanding both the emotional and the logical rationale(根据) that goes into every decision.

Effectively understanding empathy involves viewing it as each person’s connection to the people and marketplace that surround them. A biological principle known as co-evolution explains that the adaptation of an organism is caused by the change of a related object. Similarly, businesses and their leaders participate in co-evolution-type relationships. Business success depends on empathetic leaders who are able to adapt, build on the strengths around them, and relate to their environment. When businesses fail, it is often because leaders have stopped focusing

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on understanding their environment and instead stay separated in their own operations. Successful business leaders are receptive to disturbance and aware of what is going on in their organizations both internally and externally.

To develop an effective workforce, we must be willing to give in and meet people where they are. This can be frustrating and uncomfortable, particularly when you feel like your position makes more sense or offers a better solution. A critical part of developing empathy, however, is learning to understand, respect and implement another individual’s point of view rather than forcing your own. 63.

In the author’s opinion, if a company wants to achieve success, it must

______________.

A. frequently develop in new areas B. always stay pure and powerful C. concentrate on its future development D. value much thought for others .

It can be inferred from the passage that ___________________.

A. empathy generally depends on logical reasons B. supports from others help to achieve ambitions C. competition rarely exists in traditional workplaces D. striving for goals on one’s own is the key to success 65.

Which of the following examples can best illustrate the co-evolution principle?

A. The boss is too occupied to realize that his employees’ income is below the average. B. The head of the news agency offers little bonus to the journalists who work extra hours. C. The principal promises flexible working hours after the school moves to the countryside. D. The factory director insists on increasing the output despite the declining market demand. 66.

What can be the best title of this passage?

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A. Empathy and Business Success B. The Formation of Empathy C. Empathy and Aggressiveness D. The Importance of Empathy

答案：63~66 DBCA 解析

1. 推断题：根据文章第一段倒数第一句中 I am certain that the ability to connect with and relate to others — empathy in its purest form — is the force that moves businesses forward. 可知“我”确信与他人联系的能力是推动企业前进的力量。由此推断出作者认为如果一个公司想要成功，它必须多为他人着想。故D项正确。A项意为“经常开发新领域”，B项意为“永远保持纯洁和强大”，C项意为“专注于未来的发展”，均不符合文意。故正确答案为D。

2. 推断题：根据文章第三段倒数第二句中 each of us needs the support of others to achieve positive results that push us toward our goals 可知我们每个人都需要他人的支持来取得积极的成果，推动我们朝着目标前进。B项“来自他人的支持有助于实现抱负”，符合文意。故B项正确。A项，“共情通常取决于逻辑原因”。文章未提及。故A项错误。C项，“传统的工作场所很少存在竞争”。根据文章第二段第一句中 Though the concept of empathy might go against the modern concept of a traditional workplace competitive 可知传统的工作场所存在竞争。故C项错误。D项，“独自为目标奋斗是成功的关键”。根据文章第三段倒数第二句中 Successful people do not operate alone 可知成功需要的不仅仅是个人的奋斗。故D项错误。 故正确答案为B。

3. 推断题：根据文章第四段第二句 A biological principle known as co-evolution explains that the adaptation of an organism is caused by the change of a related object. 可知共同进化的生物学原理解释了有机体的适应是由相关物体的变化引起的。由此推断出共同进化原则是指共同的成功是靠周围的人物及环境共同变化得以实现的。C项“校长承诺在学校搬到农村后会有灵活的工作时间”，体现了适应环境，做出改变，符合共同进化原则。故C项正确。A项“老板太忙了，没有意识到他的雇员的收入低于平均水平”。B项“这家通讯社的社长很少给加班的记者发奖金”，D项“尽管市场需求下降，厂长仍坚持增产”，这三个例子都没有体现与周围人物和环境的共同进化，均不符合文意。故正确答案为C。

4. 主旨题：文章主要介绍了共情策略与企业发展的关系。根据文章第一段最后一句 While that may surprise many, I am certain that the ability to connect with and relate to others —

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empathy in its purest form — is the force that moves businesses forward. 和第二段最后一句中 but also relate to the people they serve 和最后一段第一句 To develop an effective workforce, we must be willing to give in and meet people where they are. 可知文章阐述了共情与企业成功的关系。故A项正确。B项，“共情的形成”。文章并未介绍共情的形成。故B项错误。C项，“共情和侵略性”。文章讲的是共情与企业成功的关系。故C项错误。D项，“共情的重要性”。太过于宽泛，文章主要讲的是共情对企业成功的重要性。故D项错误。故正确答案为A。

词汇积累：Territory领土、范围 innovation创新 fade away逐渐消失 often-overlooked常常会忽略的 empathy共情 purest纯的 go against违反、反对 doggedly顽强地 dedicated专注的 rationale基本原理 marketplace市场 co-evolution共同演化、进化 receptive善于接受的 disturbance干扰、骚扰 internally and externally内部地和外部地 critical决定性的、评论的 implement实施、执行 striving for努力 bonus奖金 journalists新闻记者

长难句：Though the concept of empathy might go against the modern concept of a traditional workplace—competitive, the reality is that for business leaders to experience success, they need to not just see or hear the activity around them, but also relate to the people they serve.

【普陀区】

(C)

Is Paperless Office Really Paperless?

A rising economy increased paper sales by 6 to 7 percent each year in the early to mid-1990s, and the convenience of desktop printing allowed office workers to print anything and everything. In 2004, Merilyn Dunn, a communications supplies director, said that plain white office paper would see less than a 4 percent growth rate, a primary reason for which is that some 47 percent of the workforce entered the job market after computers had already been introduced to offices.

For office innovators, the dream of paperless office is an example of high-tech arrogance (傲慢). Today’s office service is overwhelmed by more newspapers than ever before. After decades of development, the American government can finally get rid of the madness on paper. In the past, the demand for paper has been far ahead of growth in the American economy, but the sales have

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slowed markedly over the past two to three years, despite the good economic conditions.

“Old habits are hard to break,” says Ms. Dunn. “There are some functions that paper serves where a screen display doesn’t work. Those functions are both its strength and its weakness.” Analysts attribute the decline to such factors as advances in digital databases and communication systems. Escaping our eagerness for paper, however, will be anything but an easy affair.

“We’re finally seeing a reduction in the amount of paper being used per worker in the workplace,” says John Maine, vice president of a paper economic consulting firm. “More information is being transmitted electronically, and an increasing number of people are satisfied that information exists only in electronic form without printing multiple backups.

To reduce paper use, some companies are working to combine digital and paper capabilities. For example, Xerox is developing electronic paper: thin digital displays that respond to a stylus, like a pen on paper. Marks can be erased or saved digitally. Even with such technological advances, the increasing amounts of electronic data necessarily require more paper.

“The information industry today is composed of a thin paper crust surrounding an electronic core,” Mr. Saffo wrote. The growing paper crust is most noticeable, but the hidden electronic core is far larger and growing more rapidly. The result is that we are becoming paperless, but we hardly notice at all. “That’s one of the greatest ironies of the information age,” Saffo says. “It’s just common sense that the more you talk to someone by phone or computer, it inevitably leads to a face-to-face meeting. The best thing for the aviation industry was the Internet.”

63. Which of the following statements is NOT a reason for the slowdown in American paper sales?

A. Workforce with better computer skills. C. Changing patterns in paper use.

B. Slow growth of the U.S. economy. D. Changing employment trends.

. What does the last sentence in Para. 3 mean?

A. We have to look at paper consumption from different angles.

B. There is little chance that paper consumption will fall in the digital age. C. Paper consumption will be greatly reduced in the digital age. D. People are no longer so addicted to paper in the digital age. 65. The innovations from Xerox and other companies feature ________.

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A. the integration of digital technology with traditional paper B. the change from traditional paper to digital technology C. the combination of the use of computer screens and cell phones D. a new type of computer writing and communication

66. What can we draw from the example of the aviation industry in the last paragraph?

A. The dream of the paperless office will be realized some day.

B. People usually prefer to have face-to-face meetings instead of using computers. C. More digital data use leads to greater paper use in the digital time. D. Some people are no longer opposed to video-conferencing.

答案：63-66 B B A C

解析：本文是一篇说明文,随着信息化的发展,越来越多的公司实行无纸化办公,但是无纸化办公真的无纸吗?

63. 考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“In the past, the demand for paper has been far ahead of growth in the American economy, but the sales have slowed markedly over the past two to three years, despite the good economic conditions.可知,尽管美国经济状况良好,纸张长的销售却显著放缓。故选B

. 考查句义猜测。根据第三段中的“Analysts attribute the decline to such factors as advances in digital databases and communication systems. Escaping our craving for paper, however, will be anything but an easy affair可知,分析人士认为纸张的下降归因于数字数据库和通信系统的进步等因素。然而,要摆脱对纸张的迫切需要绝非易事。所以这句话可以理解为:在数字时代,纸张消费下降的可能性很小故选B。

65. 考查细节理解根据第五段中的“To reduce paper use, some companies are working to combine digital and paper capabilities\"可知,为了减少纸张的使用,施乐公司与其他公司正在努力将数字和纸张功能结合起来。故选A。

66. 考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“The result is that we are becoming paperless, but we hardly notice at all \"That's one of the greatest ironies of the information age, Saffo says. It's just common sense that the more you talk to someone by phone or computer, it inevitably leads to a face-to-face meeting The best thing for the aviation industry was the Internet''\"可知,信息时代最

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大的讽刺是我们正在变得无纸化,从而可以推断出在数字时代,更多的数字数据的使用导致更多纸张的使用。故选C。

词汇积累：supplies物资、供应 innovators创新者 arrogance 傲慢 overwhelmed被压到的、被淹没的 attribute…to把…归因于 transmitted传输、传送 backups备份 capabilities能力、功能 digital displays数字显示 stylus (计算机的)触笔 erased擦掉、抹去 is composed of由…组成 crust外壳 noticeable显而易见的 ironies讽刺、反语 consumption消费、消耗 addicted to沉迷于 integration集成、综合 aviation industry航空工业 video-conferencing视频会议

长难句：In 2004, Merilyn Dunn, a communications supplies director, said that plain white office paper would see less than a 4 percent growth rate, a primary reason for which is that some 47 percent of the workforce entered the job market after computers had already been introduced to offices.

【青浦区】

(C)

Medicine is the most noble of all the arts, but owing to the ignorance of those who practice it, and those who inconsiderately form a judgment of them, it is now far behind all the other arts. Their mistake appears to me to arise principally from the fact that there is no punishment for the practice of medicine except disgrace, and that does not hurt those who are familiar with it. Such persons are like the figures introduced in tragedies, for as they have the shape, and dress, and appearance of an actor, but are not actors, so also physicians are many in title but very few in reality.

Whoever is to acquire a competent knowledge of medicine ought to possess the following advantages: a natural character; instruction; a favorable position for the study; early tuition; love of labor; leisure. First of all, a natural talent is required, for Nature leads the way to what is most excellent; then instruction in the art takes place, which the student must try to adopt by reflection, becoming an early pupil in a place well adapted for instruction. He must also bring to the task a love of labor and perseverance to ensure the instruction takes root.

Instruction in medicine is like the culture of the productions of the earth. For our natural character, is, as it were, the soil; the principals of our teacher are, as it were, the seed. Instruction in youth is like the planting of the seed in the ground at the proper season. Diligent study is like the cultivation of the fields; and it is time which passes on strength to all things and brings them to maturity.

Having brought all these essentials to the study of medicine, and having acquired a true

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knowledge of it, we shall thus, in travelling around, be respected physicians not only in name but in reality. Inexperience is a bad trait, and does harm to those who possess it, nurturing either timidity or audacity(胆大安为). For timidity reveals a want of powers, and audacity a lack of skill. Physicians who are eager for power or those who are undertrained are not a blessing to a community.

Those things which are sacred or noble, are to be delivered only to sacred persons; and it is wrong to import them to the profane until they have been initiated in the mysteries of the science.

63. Based on paragraph 1, which of the following best characterizes bad physicians? A. They are greedy.

B. They are pretenders. D. They are the minority.

C. They are difficult to contact.

. According to paragraph 2, what must accompany the personal quality of a physician? A. A good education.

B. A supportive family. D. Popularity in the community.

C. Approval from the authority.

65. If the author of the passage were to use a heading for each paragraph, which heading would fit best before paragraph 3? A. An Herbal Treatment.

B. Medicine and Gardening. D. Understanding Agriculture First.

C. The Growth of a Physician.

66. Based on the underlined sentences in paragraph 5, what is the relationship between the words \"sacred” and \"profane\"?

A. The two words are exactly the same in meaning. B. The two words are similar in meaning. C. The two words are of the same root. D. The two words are opposites. 答案：63-66 BACD 解析

1. 推断题：根据文章第一段最后一句 Such persons are like the figures introduced in tragedies, for as they have the shape, and dress, and appearance of an actor, but are not actors, so also

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physicians are many in title but very few in reality. 可知，一些经常犯错的糟糕的医生就像悲剧中引入的人物一样，尽管他们有演员的形状，衣着和外表，但并不是演员。所以从职称来看，医生也有很多，但实际上却很少。由此可知，糟糕的医生是与其职位并不匹配，是虚有其职称的。因此，他们都是伪装者。故B项正确。A项，“他们是贪婪的”，C项，“他们很难联系”，D项，“他们是镜子”，文中均未提及，故A、C、D项均错误。故正确答案为B。

2. 推断题：根据文章第二段第一句 Whoever is to acquire a competent knowledge of medicine ought to proccess the following advantages: a natural character; instruction; a favorable position for the study; early tuition; love for labor; leisure. 和第二句中 a natural talent is required 和 then instruction in the art takes place, which the student must try to adopt by reflection, becoming an early pupil in a place well adapted for instruction 可知，无论谁想获得合格的医学知识，都应该具有教导、学习的有利环境、早期的教育等优势。首先必须具备自然天赋，然后需要有艺术指导。艺术指导要求学生必须通过反思来适应，这样才能成为一个早期的更好适应这一指导的学生。由此可知，无论是教导，还是学习的有利环境或是指导，都代表着良好的教育。由此可推知，优良的教育是成为一名合格的医生必备的个人品质。故A项正确。B项，“一个支持的家庭”，C项，“当局的批准”，D项，“社区的人气”，无中生有，文章均未提及，故B、C、D项均错误。故正确答案为A。

3. 主旨题：文章第三段主要介绍了如何进行医学教学。根据文章第三段 Instruction in medicine is like the culture of the productions of the earth. For our natural character, is, as it were, the soil; the principals of our teacher are, as it were, the seed. Instruction in youth is like the planting of the seed in the ground at the proper season. Diligent study is like the cultivation of the fields; and it is time which passes on strength to all things and brings them to maturity. 可知，本段把医学教学比作地球生产的文化，主要介绍了如何对年轻人进行医学教育。C项意为“医生的成长”，符合文意，故正确答案为C。A项，“草本疗法”。文中未提及，故A项错误。B项，“医药和园艺”。过于宽泛，不能综合概括文意。故B项错误。D项，“首先了解农业”。以偏概全，文章第三段是将医学类比为农业生产，主要介绍的不是农业，故D项错误。故正确答案为C。

4. 推断题：根据文章第五段 Those things which are sacred or noble, are to be delivered only to sacred persons; and it is wrong to import them to the profane until they have been initiated in the mysteries of the science. 可知，高尚的东西，只能交给神圣的人。前半句中 sacred 与 noble 意思相近。由后半句中的 it is wrong 可知，后半句中的 profane 与 noble 意思相反。因此 sacred 与 profane 的意思相反。故D项正确。A项，“这两个词的含义完全相同”，B项，“这两个词的意思相近”，C项，“这两个词的词根相同”，均不符合文意，故A、B、C项均错误。故正确答案为D。

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词汇积累：ignorance无知 inconsiderately考虑不周地 principally主要地 disgrace耻辱 tragedies悲剧 competent有能力的 favorable有利的、赞成的 reflection沉思 perseverance坚持不懈 takes root生根 maturity成熟 inexperience缺乏经验 trait特点 timidity羞怯 audacity胆大安为 undertrained训练不够的 sacred神圣的 profane亵渎的、世俗的 initiated发起、开始 pretenders伪装者 minority少数民族、未成年 approval批准、认可 Herbal Treatment草药治疗 physician内科医师

长难句：1、Their mistake appears to me to arise principally from the fact that there is no punishment for the practice of medicine except disgrace, and that does not hurt those who are familiar with it.

2、Such persons are like the figures introduced in tragedies, for as they have the shape, and dress, and appearance of an actor, but are not actors, so also physicians are many in title but very few in reality.

3、For our natural character, is, as it were, the soil; the principals of our teacher are, as it were, the seed.

【松江区】

(C)

The Paris climate agreement finalised in December last year indicated a new era for climate action. For the first time, the world’s nations agreed to keep global warming well below 2℃.

This is vital for climate-vulnerable nations. Fewer than 4% of countries are responsible for more than half of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. In a study published in Nature Scientific Reports, we reveal just how deep this injustice runs.

Developed nations such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and European countries are essentially climate “free-riders”: causing the majority of the problems through high greenhouse gas emissions, while paying few of the costs such as climate changes impact on food and water. In other words, a few countries are benefiting enormously from the consumption of fossil fuels, while at the same time contributing disproportionately to the global burden of climate change.

On the other hand, there are many “forced riders”, who are suffering from the climate change

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impacts despite having scarcely contributed to the problem. Many of the world’s most climate-vulnerable countries, the majority of which are African or small island states, produce a very small quantity of emissions. This is much like a non-smoker getting cancer from second-hand smoke, while the heavy smoker is fortunate enough to smoke in good health.

The Paris agreement has been widely considered as a positive step forward in addressing climate change for all, although the details on addressing “climate justice” can be best described as incomplete.

The goal of keeping global temperature rise “well below” 2℃ deserves to be praised but the emissions reduction promises submitted by countries leading up to the Paris talks are very unlikely to deliver on this.

More than $100 billion in funding has been put on the table for supporting developing nations to reduce emissions. However, the agreement specifies that there is no formal distinction between developed and developing nations in their responsibility to cut emissions, effectively ignoring historical emissions. There is also very little detail on who will provide the funds or, importantly, who is responsible for their provision. Securing these funds and establishing who is responsible for raising them will also be vital for the future of climate-vulnerable countries.

The most climate-vulnerable countries in the world have contributed very little to creating the global disease from which they now suffer the most. There must urgently be a meaningful mobilization of the policies outlined in the agreement if we are to achieve national emissions reductions while helping the most vulnerable countries adapt to climate change.

And it is clearly up to the current generation of leaders from high-emitting nations to decide whether they want to be remembered as climate change tyrants（暴君）or pioneers.

63. The author is critical of the Paris climate agreement because ______. A. it is unfair to those climate-vulnerable nations B. it aims to keep temperature rise below 2℃ only C. it is beneficial to only fewer than 4% of countries D. it burdens developed countries with the full responsibility

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. Why does the author call some developed countries climate “free-riders”? A. They needn’t worry about the food and water they consume. B. They are better able to cope with the global climate change. C. They hardly pay anything for the problems they have caused. D. They are free from the greenhouse effects affecting “forced riders”.

65. What does the author say about the $100 billion funding? A. It will motivate all nations to reduce carbon emissions. B. There is no final agreement on where it will come from. C. There is no clarification of how the money will be spent. D. It will effectively reduce greenhouse emissions worldwide.

66. What urgent action must be taken to realize the Paris climate agreement? A. Encouraging high-emitting nations to take the initiative. B. Calling on all the nations concerned to make joint efforts. C. Pushing the current world leaders to come to a consensus. 答案：63----66 ACBD

解析：本文为说明文。去年12月敲定的《巴黎气候协定》标志着气候行动进入了一个新时代，世界各国首次同意将全球变暖保持在2℃以下，在解决气候变化问题上向前迈出了积极的一步。但全球温室气体排放量的一半以上是由不到4%的国家造成的，可他们对引发的问题付出极小的代价。而世界上最易受气候影响的国家对造成全球疾病的贡献微乎其微，而这些疾病正是他们现在所遭受的最大痛苦。没有考虑历史问题来处理这件事是不公正的。

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63. 细节理解题。根据题目可以定位到原文第五段The Pairs agreement has been widely hailed as a positive step forward in addressing climate change for all, although the details on addressing “climate justice” can be best described as sketchy. 转折连词Although之前的意思是对巴黎协定的肯定，认为巴黎协定被称赞为应对气候改变的积极的一步，although之后是对巴黎协定的否定，认为巴黎协定只是粗略地谈到了所谓的“气候平等”，意即是不平等的。原因在第八段的第一句“The most climate-vulnerable countries in the world have contributed very little to creating the global disease from which they now suffer the most.”中说“这些国家在世界上最易受气候影响的但对造成全球疾病的贡献微乎其微，而它们现在却是这些疾病所遭受的最大的受害者。” 因此A 选项是正确选项。

. 推理判断题。根据题目和关键词free-riders可以在原文第三段对“free-riders”的解释：causing the majority of the problems through high greenhouse gas emissions, while incurring few of the costs such as climate change’s impact on food and water. 即（发达国家）通过大量地排放温室气体，引起了大部分的问题，然而几乎没有付出的代价。可见，作者的意思是指他们几乎不需要为他们所引发的问题负责。C选项中cause 和原句causing对应，hardly pay anything 和incurring few of the costs 对应。因此选C。

65. 细节理解题。根据文章第七段“There is also very little detail on who will provide the funds or, importantly, who is responsible for their provision.”意为“关于谁将提供资金，或者更重要的是，谁负责提供资金，也没有太多细节” ，可推断出对于资金问题没有最终达成协议。其中B选项中no final agreement 和very little detail 对应，Where it will come from 和who will provide the funds对应。因此选B。

66. 细节理解题。根据关键词urgent可以定位到原文第八段，There must urgently be a meaningful mobilisation of the polices outlined in the agreement if we are to achieve national emission reductions, “如果我们要实现国家减排，必须对于协议中概述的进行紧急动员。”可知，动员立即实施协议中的。其中D选项中put into effect the polices 与mobilisation of the polices对应。因此选D。

【点睛】文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。

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词汇积累：finalised终结 climate-vulnerable易受气候影响的 gas emissions气体排放 reveal揭露 disproportionately不成比例地 scarcely几乎不、几乎没有 submitted递交、屈服 specifies详细说明、指定 provision规定、条款 securing获得 mobilization动员、调动 emitting散发、喷出 tyrants暴君 clarification澄清、净化 initiative主动权、倡议 make joint efforts做出共同努力 come to a consensus达成一致意见

长难句：无

【徐汇区】

C

Philosophy of Education is a label applied to the study of the purpose, process, nature and ideals of education. It can be considered a branch of both philosophy and education. Education can be defined as the teaching and learning of specific skills, and the imparting of knowledge, judgment and wisdom, and is something broader than the societal institution of education we often speak of.

Many educationalists consider it a weak and imprecise field, too far removed from the practical applications of the real world to be useful. But philosophers dating back to Plato and the Ancient Greeks have given the area much thought and emphasis, and there is little doubt that their work has helped shape the practice of education over the millennia.

Plato is the earliest important educational thinker, and education is an essential element in “The Republic” (his most important work on philosophy and political theory, written around 360 B.C.). In it, he advocates some rather extreme methods: removing children from their mothers’ care and raising them as wards of the state, and differentiating children suitable to the various castes(社会等级), the highest receiving the most education, so that they could act as guardians of the city and care for the less able. He believed that education should be holistic（全面的）, including facts, skills, physical discipline, music and art. Plato believed that talent and intelligence is not distributed genetically and thus is to be found in children born to all classes, although his proposed system of selective public education for an educated minority of the population does not really follow a democratic model.

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Aristotle considered human nature, habit and reason to be equally important forces to be cultivated in education, the ultimate aim of which should be to produce good and virtuous citizens. He proposed that teachers lead their students systematically, and that repetition be used as a key tool to develop good habits, unlike Socrates’ emphasis on questioning his listeners to bring out their own ideas. He emphasized the balancing of the theoretical and practical aspects of subjects taught, among which he clearly mentions reading, writing, mathematics, music, physical education, literature, history, and a wide range of sciences, as well as play, which he also considered important.

During the period of Middle Age, the idea of Perennialism was first formulated by St. Thomas Aquinas in his work “De Magistro”. Perennialism holds that one should teach those things deemed to be of everlasting importance to all people everywhere, namely principles and reasoning, not just facts (which are apt to change over time), and that one should teach first about people, not machines or techniques. It was originally religious in nature, and it was only much later that a theory of worldly Perennialism developed.

During the Renaissance（文艺复兴）, the French doubter Michel de Montaigne (1533 - 1592) was one of the first to critically look at education. Unusually for his time, Montaigne was willing to question the conventional wisdom of the period, calling into question the whole structure of the educational system, and the assumption that university-educated philosophers were necessarily wiser than uneducated farm workers, for example.

56. Why do many educationists consider philosophy a ‘weak and imprecise field’? A. It is the practical applications of the real world. B. Its theoretical concepts are easily understood. C. It is irrelevant for education. D. It is not practically applicable.

57. What is the difference between the approaches of Socrates and Aristotle?

A. Aristotle felt the need for repetition to develop good habits in students; Socrates felt that students need to be constantly questioned.

B. Aristotle felt the need for rote-learning; Socrates emphasized on dialogic learning. C. There was no difference.

D. Aristotle emphasized on the importance of paying attention to human nature; Socrates emphasized upon science.

58. According to the passage, the underlined word “Perennialism” most probably refers to

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something _____________ A. that is unnecessary. C. that is abstract and theoretical.

B. that is of ceaseless importance. D. that exists no more.

59. Why did Aquinas propose a model of education which did not lay much emphasis on facts?

A. Facts are not important.

B. Facts do not lead to holistic education. C. Facts change with the changing times. D. Facts are frozen in time. 答案：63-66 DABC

解析：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了几位历史上几位最著名的哲学家柏拉图、亚里士多德、苏格拉底、阿奎那以及蒙田的教育理论。

63．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Many educationalists consider it a weak and imprecise field, too far removed from the practical applications of the real world to be useful.”可知，很多教育家认为哲学是一个薄弱而不精确的领域是因为他们认为哲学并不实用，故D项正确。

. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Aristotle considered human nature…and that repetition be used as a key tool to develop good habits, unlike Socrates’ emphasis on questioning his listeners to bring out their own ideas.”可知，亚里士多德认为应该将重复作为培养良好习惯的关键工具，苏格拉底则认为应该通过不断地提问学生来引出自己的观点，故A项正确。

65. 词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“Perennialism holds that one should teach those things deemed to be of everlasting importance to all people everywhere, namely principles and reasoning, not just facts”可知，永恒主义认为一个人应该教授那些对世界上所有人都重要的东西，即原则和推理，而不仅仅是事实，由此可知Perennialism指的是非常重要的理论，故B项正确。

66. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“…not just facts (which are apt to change over time)”可知，阿奎那提出一种不注重事实的教育模式是因为事实随着时间的变化而变化，故C项正确。

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【点睛】本文介绍了几位历史上几位最著名的哲学家对教育的理论，由于话题原因比较难理解，难度很大，涉及到对比人物观点的时候，我们可以利用定位法，根据题干中出现的人物快速在文中找到对应的内容。例如第2题。

词汇积累：Philosophy哲学 imparting传授 societal institution社会制度 imprecise不精确的 millennia千年期 wards守卫 castes社会等级 holistic全面的 distributed分散的、分布式的 democratic民主的 ultimate aim最终目标 virtuous善良的、有道德的 repetition重复、背诵 bring out说出 theoretical理论的 Perennialism永恒主义 formulated阐述、构想出 everlasting永恒的 are apt to易于…的 Renaissance文艺复兴 conventional wisdom传统智慧、观点 applications应用 irrelevant不相干的、不切题的 applicable可适用的 rote-learning死记硬背的学习方法 dialogic对话的 ceaseless不断的、不停的

长难句：It was originally religious in nature, and it was only much later that a theory of worldly Perennialism developed.

【杨浦区】

（C）

You’re walking down a quiet street and suddenly you hear some footsteps .Undoubtedly ,it means that there’s someone around. But have you ever wonder why it occurs to us that it’s someone else’s footsteps , not ours?

According to a new study published in the journal Nature in September, this phenomenon arises from a function in our brain to ignore the noise we make ourselves.

In order to explore how our brain does this, a group of scientists carried out an experiment with mice at Duke University. The research entered on an intuition(直觉)---that we are usually unaware of the sound of our own footsteps ---as a vehicle for understanding larger neural(神经系统的 ) phenomena; how this behavior reveals the ability to monitor, recognize, and remember the sound of one’s own movements in relation to those of their larger environments.

In the experiment, research controlled the sounds of a group of mice could hear, reported Science Daily. During the first several days, the mice would hear the same sound each time they took a step. This was just like “running on a tiny piano with each key playing exactly the same note”, senior study author Richard Mooney, a professor of neurobiology at Duke University, told

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Live Science.

Scientists found that their auditory cortex (听觉皮层) – the area of the brain that processes sound – became active at first but decreased its response to the sound after two or three minutes when the mice became familiar with it.

“ It’s almost like they were wearing special headphones that could filter(过滤) out the sound of their own movements.” David Schneider, an assistant professor at the Center for Neutral Science at New York University, told HuffPost.

But once the sound changed, their auditory cortex became active again. This suggests that the “sensory filter” in a mouse’s brain could help it detect new sounds or abnormal noise in the environment easily after tuning out familiar sounds.

“For mice, this is really important,” said Schneider. “They are prey animals, so they really need to be able to listen for a cat creeping up on them, even when they’re walking and making noise.

Being able to ignore the sounds of one's own movements is likely important for humans as well. But the ability to predict the sounds of our own actions is also important for more complex human behaviors such as speaking or playing an instrument.

\"When we learn to speak or to play music, we predict what sounds we are going to hear – such as when we prepare to strike keys on a piano – and we compare this to what we actually hear, \"explains Schneider. “We use mismatches between expectation and experience to change how we play – and we get better over time because our brain is trying to minimize these errors.”

63. What can be discovered about mice in the experiment? A. Their brain responds inactively to the familiar sounds B. They are able to detect sounds other animals don’t notice. C. They cannot identify different sounds except their own footsteps. D. Different areas of their brain are responsible for different sounds.

. What’s the function of the sensory filter? A. Getting used to abnormal or unfamiliar sounds. B. Ignoring the sounds made by our companions.

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C. Identifying the sounds from a larger environment D. Being sensitive to the sounds of our own movement.

65. Why can a good symphony conductor immediately recognize it when a wrong note is played? A. He has the ability to match the wrong note with the instrument player. B. He has an intuition that he should ignore the sound of his own movement. C. He has a low expectation and knows where players are likely to make errors. D. He has a good prediction of how each note should be played in the orchestra. 66. What can be inferred from the passage?

A. Noise-filtering ability ensures us a quiet and undisturbed environment. B. The ability to ignore familiar noises helps to detect potential dangers. C. The activeness of auditory cortex determines our activity performance. D. Sound-predicting ability seems not so important for humans as for animals.

答案：63-66: ACDB

解析：本文主要研究了人类忽视熟悉的噪音的能力，能够忽略自己动作的声音对人类来说很重要．

63. 细节理解题：根据倒数第四段的句子：This suggests that the \"sensory filter\" in a mouse's brain could help it detect new sounds or abnormal noise in the environment easily after tuning out familiar sounds. 这表明老鼠大脑中的“感觉过滤器”可以帮助它在排除熟悉的声音后，很容易地检测到新的声音或环境中的异常噪音。所以A. 他们的大脑对熟悉的声音反应迟钝。是实验的结果。故选：A。

. 推理判断题：根据倒数第五段的句子：It's almost like they were wearing special headphones that could filter(过滤) out the sound of their own movements. 这就像他们戴着特殊的耳机，可以过滤掉自己运动的声音。可见这种过滤器可以识别大环境中的声音。故选：C。 65. 推理判断题：根据倒数第二段句子：Being able to ignore the sounds of one's own movements is likely important for humans as well. But the ability to predict the sounds of our own

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actions is also important. 能够忽略自己动作的声音对人类来说也很重要。但是预测自己动作声音的能力对于更复杂的人类行为来说也很重要，可见一个好的指挥家对在管弦乐队中如何演奏每个音符有很好的预测。故选：D。

66. 推理判断题：根据第一段句子：You're walking down a quiet street and suddenly you hear some footsteps．Undoubtedly, it means that there's someone around. But have you ever wonder why it occurs to us that it's someone else's footsteps, not ours? 你走在一条安静的街道上，突然听到一些脚步声。毫无疑问，这意味着周围有人。但你有没有想过为什么我们会想到这是别人的脚步声，而不是我们的？可以判断出如果人类有忽视熟悉噪音的能力，有助于发现潜在危险。 故选：B。

词汇积累：intuition直觉 neural神经系统的 monitor监控 in relation to关于、涉及 neurobiology神经生物学 auditory cortex 听觉皮层 filter过滤 sensory感觉的、知觉的 prey捕食 creeping爬行 sensitive敏感的 symphony conductor交响乐指挥家 note音符

长难句： The research entered on an intuition(直觉)---that we are usually unaware of the sound of our own footsteps ---as a vehicle for understanding larger neural(神经系统的 ) phenomena; how this behavior reveals the ability to monitor, recognize, and remember the sound of one’s own movements in relation to those of their larger environments.

【长宁区】

（C）

The term ‘dark tourism’ is far newer than the practice, which long predates Pompeii's emergence as a dark attraction. Dr Philip Stone, perhaps the world's leading academic expert on dark tourism, considers the Roman Colosseum to be one of first dark tourist sites, where people travelled long distances to watch death as sport. Later, until the late 18\" century, the appeal was crueler still in central London, where people paid money to sit in grandstands to watch mass hangings. Dealers would sell pies at the site, which was roughly where Marble Arch stands today.

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It was only in 1996 that ‘dark tourism' entered the scholarly vocabulary when two academics in Glasgow applied it while looking at sites associated with the murder of John F.Kennedy. Those who study dark tourism identify plenty of reasons for the growing phenomenon, including raised awareness of it as an identifiable thing. Access to sites has also improved with the arrival of cheap air travel. It's hard to imagine that the Auschwitz-Birkenau memorial and museum would now welcome mare than two million visitors a year were it not for its nearness to Krakow's international airport. Peter Hohenhaus, a widely travelled dark tourist based in Vienna, also points to the broader rise in off-the-beaten track tourism, beyond the territory of popular guidebooks and TripAdvisor rankings. ‘A lot of people don't want mainstream tourism and that often means engaging with places that have a more recent history than, say, a Roman ruin.\" he says. \"You go to Sarajevo and most people remember the war being in the news so if feels closer to one’s owe biography(传记)”

Hohenhaus is also a fan of‘ beauty in decay’, the contemporary cultural movement in which urban ruins have become subject matter for expensive coffee-table books and a thousand lnstagram(照片墙）accounts. The crossover with death is clear. “I have always been drawn to ruined things,\" the -year-old says. But while, like any tourism, dark tourism at its best is educational, the example of Grenfell Tower (a London tower block,destroyed by a fire in 2017 with 7l deaths) hints at the unease felt at some sites. “I remember the Lonely Planet Bluelist book had a chapter about dark tourism a while ago and one of the rules was 'don't go back too early'.\"Hohenhaus says. “I'll be interested to see Grenfell Tower up close. I can see the attraction. But I would not stand in the street taking a selfie（自拍）merrily.”

63. 'Dark tourism' can be defined as tourism involving travel to places____________ A. hardly having access to in ancient times B. with a history even before human civilization C. historically related to death and tragedy D. in Europe famous for cruel but exciting sports

.Dark tourism came into sight when_________.

A. scholars finally revealed secrets about some historical events B. people were no more satisfied with ordinary tourist destinations C. road transportation was able to take people around the world D. researchers realized the significance of sustainable tourism

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65.What is implied in Hohenhaus' words in the last paragraph? A. People fail to get lessons from disasters causing terrible loss. B. The media are publicizing the modern city ruins improperly. C. Visitors are free to take selfies with the ‘beauty of decay’. D. Some tourists show a lack of respect for dark tourist sites.

66.Which of the following best serves as the title of this passage? A. Morality mirrored in tourism B. Tourism boomed with tragedies C. Ranking of dark tourism sites D. Proper attitudes to dark tourism

答案： 63-66 CBDB 解析

1. 推断题：根据文章第一段第二句中 considers the Roman Colosseum to be one of first dark tourist sites, where people travelled long distances to watch death as sport 以及文章第一段倒数第二句中 where people paid money to sit in grandstands to watch mass hangings 可知，他认为 Roman Colosseum 是第一个黑暗旅游景点，在那里人们长途跋涉，将死亡视为一种运动。人们花钱坐在看台上观看大规模的绞刑。因此可推测“黑暗旅游”与死亡和悲剧等黑暗面有关，因此可知“黑暗旅游”定义为前往历史上与死亡和悲剧有关的地方的旅游。C项意为“历史上与死亡和悲剧有关”。符合题意，故C项正确。A项，“在古代很难接近”；B项，“甚至早于人类文明的历史”；D项，“在欧洲以残酷但刺激的运动而闻名”，均不符合文意。故正确答案为C。

2. 细节题：根据文章第二段倒数第二句 \"A lot of people don't want mainstream tourism and that often means engaging with places that have a more recent history than, say, a Roman ruin.\" he says. 可知，他说：“很多人不想要主流旅游，这往往意味着要去那些比罗马废墟历史更近的地方。”因此可知当人们不再满足于普通的旅游目的地时，黑暗旅游就出现了。故正确答案

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为B。

3. 推断题：根据文章最后一段倒数一、二、三句 \"I'll be interested to see Grenfell Tower up close. I can see the attraction. But I would not stand in the street taking a selfie (自拍) merrily.\" 可知，“我很有兴趣近距离看看 Grenfell Tower，我能看到它的吸引力，但我不会站在街上愉快地自拍。”因此可推测 Hohenhaus 在最后一段话中暗示了一些游客只顾着自拍而没有关注景点的魅力，对黑暗旅游景点缺乏尊重。故D项正确。A项，“人们没有从造成巨大损失的灾难中吸取教训”；B项，“媒体对这座现代城市的废墟进行了不恰当的宣传”；C项，“游客可以自由地与‘腐朽之美’自拍”，均不符合文意。故正确答案为D。

4. 主旨题：文章主要论述了黑暗旅游的定义及其变得流行的原因。B项，“旅游业因悲剧而繁荣”，符合题意。故B项正确。A项，“旅游道德”。文章并未提及旅游道德。C项，“黑暗旅游景点排名”。文章并未对黑暗旅游景点进行排名。D项，“正确对待黑暗旅游的态度”。正确对待黑暗旅游的态度只是文章论述的一个角度，不足以概括文章主旨。故正确答案为B。

词汇积累：Predates在日期上早于（先于） Roman Colosseum罗马圆形大剧场 grandstands看台、观众 Marble Arch大理石拱门 scholarly学术的 identify确定、鉴定 off-the-beaten偏僻地，不落俗套地 mainstream主流 biography传记 decay衰退 contemporary同时期的 lnstagram照片墙 crossover天桥、交叉 hints暗示 unease不安 taking a selfie自拍 improperly不适当地 morality道德 mirrored反映、反射

长难句：It's hard to imagine that the Auschwitz-Birkenau memorial and museum would now

welcome more than two million visitors a year were it not for its nearness to Krakow's international airport.

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